Quality management systems

Quality management systems INTRODUCTION This chapter reviews and peruses various quality management systems (QMS) and other literature work in the area of research. It will try to inquire into the view points and thoughts of scholars and academicians in relation to the field of study. It will also give an overview of Information Systems (IS). Quality and QMS Defined Quality is defined by ISO 9000 series as the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements. In other words, quality can be regarded as fitness for purpose or conformance to users expectations since the user determines whether a product is of the desired quality. (Ghana Standards Board, International Trade Centre, P 109) The quality of goods and services results from many interrelated activities. These activities need to be coordinated through a Quality Management System. As indicated by John Ruskin, â€Å"Quality is never an accident; it is always the result of intelligent effort. In order to survive in todays competitive marketplace, an organization has to consistently satisfy its customers needs and anticipate their future needs. This can be achieved by providing customers with the products they want, â€Å"getting it right first time†, without the need for rework. To satisfy customers, one must go higher along the production chain, right up to the suppliers not forgetting employee morale and commitment. Suppliers provide the raw materials or products for further processing by employees; if suppliers and employees do what is expected of them, â€Å"getting it right first time,† customers will be satisfied. As defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO): TQM is a management approach for an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and to society. (ISO 8402:1994) A quality management system in the enterprise, based on prevention rather than cure, minimizes waste and rework by ensuring that products are made right first time and every time. In adopting a preventive approach by investing in plants and equipment, training staff and purchasing the appropriate raw materials/inputs, an organization can reduce inspection cost and more specifically, the costs of failure and/or delays. These costs arise from rework or discarding non-conforming in-process material and finished products. Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Management (QM) Models The publication of the ISO 9000 series of standards in 1987 heightened awareness of the benefits of QA requirements among SMEs, many of which implemented ISO 9000 QA models to improve their competitive position as well as to join the ranks of suppliers to large companies. While both the 1987 and 1994 versions of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 were based on a QA model, the revised standard (ISO 9001) published in 2000 is based on QM principles (Ghana Standards Board, Export quality management, 2009) The broad relationships between inspection, quality control, quality assurance and quality management are summarized in the table below. System Objective Activities Applicability Nature Inspection Product conformance by screening out conforming products from nonconforming products Visual checks/ measuring; then testing and reporting the results. Generally, Production-related activities, such as checking incoming goods, in-process or final product, pre-dispatch, etc Detection after the event. Quality control Product Conformance by Eliminating causes of nonconforming products Inspection followed by appraisal of results and feedback to the process being controlled As above Detection and-or off-line correction. Quality assurance Generating confidence in product conformance Comprises all QC activities, plus documented quality systems and quality audits All functions of the company from design to after-sales service. Prevention. Quality Management Continual improvement of product conformance Continual improvement of processes in addition to all QA activities As above Prevention and improvement. What are the ISO 9000 series of Standards The ISO 9000 series consist of four primary standards supported by several other documents. The four primary standards are ISO 9000, Quality management systems Fundamentals and vocabulary; ISO 9001, Quality management systems Requirements; ISO 9004, Quality management systems Guidelines for performance improvements ISO 19011, Guidelines on quality and/or environmental management auditing. ISO 9000 is a starting point for understanding the standard, as it defines the fundamental terms used in the ISO 9000 family or set of standards for quality management. ISO 9001 specifies the requirements for quality management systems which enable you to demonstrate your ability to provide products that fulfil customer and applicable regulatory requirements; it also aims to enhance customer satisfaction. ISO 9004 provides you with guidance on the continual improvement of your quality management system so that the needs and expectations of all interested parties are met. These interested parties include customers and end-users, directors and staff in the organisation, owners and investors, suppliers and partners, and society at large. ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 are consistent pair of standards that relate modern quality management to processes and activities of an organization, and emphasize the promotion of continual improvement and the achievement of customer satisfaction. ISO 9001, which focuses on the effectiveness of the quality management system in meeting customer requirements, is used for certification or for contractual agreements between suppliers and buyers. By contrast, ISO 9004 cannot be used for certification as it does not prescribe requirements but provides guidance for the continual improvement of an organisations performance. ISO 9001 focuses on effectiveness, i.e. doing the right thing in the right way. The ISO 9000 quality management system is generic in nature: it is applicable to both the manufacturing and services sectors, and to enterprises of all sizes, including the single entrepreneur. ISO 9001 specifies what an enterprise is required to do, but it does not indicate how this is to be done thus giving the enterprise much flexibility in running its business. (Crosby, 1992) Worldwide use of ISO 9000 The ISO 9000 standards are widely used around the world. A survey conducted by ISO indicated that at least 4008,631 ISO certificates were awarded in 158 countries in 2000, up by 64, 988 certificates over the figure for end of December 1999, when the total stood at 343,643 for 150 countries. The figures were also significantly higher than the 27,816 certificates issued in 48 countries by 31st January 1993, when the survey was first conducted. The number of certificates issued in Europe in 2000 was 220,127 or 53% of the total. The Far East had 20.05%, North America 11.82%, New Zealand and Australia 6.68%, Africa and West Asia 4.94%, and Central and South America 2.64%. Information on the sector covered by the certificates at the end of 2000 was obtained for 317,126 certificates. The highest number recorded was for basic metal products (40,713 certificates or 12.84% of the total), and the smallest number for nuclear fuel (115, 0.03%) The figures for various other sectors are as follows: electrical and optical equipment, 38,148 (12.0%); food products, beverages and tobacco, 11,440 (3.6%); information technology, 11,067 (3.5%); textiles and textile products, 5, 178 (1.6%); and hotels and restaurants, 1,187 (0.4%) Is quality management an issue only for management? A glance at the definition of quality Management-â€Å"coordinated activities to direct and control an organisation with regard to quality† gives an impression that it is an issue for management only. This impression is reinforced by the fact that the eight quality management principles that form the basis of the ISO 9000 series are all used by senior management as a framework for guiding the organisation towards improved performance. The eight management principles are: Principle 1 Customer focus Principle 2 Leadership, Principle 3 Involvement of people Principle 4 Process approach Principle 5 System approach Principle 6 Continual improvement, Principle 7 Factual approach to decision-making, and Principle 8 Mutually beneficial supplier relationships Herbert Simon argued years ago that the core of managing lies in decision making, which is best thought of as process comprising three phases: Finding occasions for making decisions, Finding possible courses of action, and Choosing among courses of action Looking at the quality management principles again, but from Simons point of view, one finds that some of them provide workers with ample scope for making decisions that influence quality. It would appear that the principles related to customer focus, leadership, system approach to management, and development of mutually beneficial supplier relationships are issues for management only. The other principles apply to employees at all levels in the organisation. Employees accept ownership of problems and their responsibility for solving them. The process approach is applicable to everyone, each person having a triple role (i.e. everyone in an organisation is seen as a customer, processor and a supplier). Continual improvement is within the reach of employees at all levels as they can be trained in the methods of continual improvement and the tools involve. Everyone can base his or her decision on accurate and reliable data, this being made available wherever decisions have to be taken. If everyone looks at quality management as managing of quality, then quality management is within the decision-making scope of both managers and workers. There is a Japanese rule that attributes quality problems to poor product design (40%), errors made during the manufacturing process (30%), and nonconforming materials purchased from suppliers (30%). Generally design and purchasing problems can be solved only through managerial intervention. One can say that quality problems in manufacturing are caused in equal proportion by managers (e.g. inadequate training of workers) and workers (e.g. inadequate attention to machine setting). One can conclude that 85% of the problems come under management control and 15% are under worker control. This ratio of 85:15 has been substantially documented in the literature of quality management. Only 15% of defective products can be attributed to production operators while the other 85% are caused by management. System problems like inadequate maintenance of equipment and faulty raw materials/components can be resolved only by top management. Quality management is regarded in ISO 9000 as comprising four elements: Quality planning, Quality control, Quality assurance and Quality improvement While all four elements are within the purview of management, workers are directly responsible for quality control conducted at the operational level. It should be noted that workers could also contribute to quality improvement if they have been trained in simple problem-solving techniques. FOOD SAFETY QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Food safety is related to the presence of food-borne hazards in food at the point of consumption, (intake by the consumer). As the introduction of food safety hazards can occur at any stage of the food chain, adequate control throughout the food chain is essential. Thus food safety is ensured through the combined efforts of all the parties participating in the food chain. The following are generally recognised key elements to ensure food safety along the food chain, up to the point of final consumption: Interactive communication; System Management; Prerequisite programmes; HACCP principles Communication along the food chain is essential to ensure that all relevant food safety hazards are identified and adequately controlled at each step within the food chain. This implies communication between organizations both upstream and downstream in the food chain. Communication with customers and suppliers about identified hazards and control measures will assist in clarifying customer and supplier requirements (e.g. with regard to the feasibility and need for these requirements and their impact on the end product). Recognition of the organisations role and position within the food chain is essential to ensure effective interactive communication throughout the chain in order to deliver safe food products to the final consumer. The most effective food safety systems are established, operated and updated within the framework of a structured system and incorporated into the overall management activities of the organization. This provides maximum benefit for the organisation and interested parties. ISO 22000:2005 has been aligned ISO 9001 in order to enhance the compatibility of the two standards. ISO 22000 integrates the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and application steps developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. By means of auditable requirements, it combines the HACCP plan with prerequisite programmes (PRPs). Hazard analysis is the key to an effective food safety management, since conducting a hazard analysis assists in organising the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control assist in organising the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control measures. ISO 22000 requires that all hazards that may be reasonably expected to occur in the food chain, including hazards that may be associated with the type of process and facilities used, are identified and assessed. Thus it provides the means to determine and document why certain identified hazards need to be controlled by a particular organisation and why others need not. BUSINESS PROCESSES AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS In order to operate, businesses must deal with many different pieces of information about suppliers, customers, employees, invoices and payments, and of course product and services. They must organise work activities that use this information systems to operate efficiently and enhance the overall performance of the firm. Information systems make it possible for firms to manage all their information, make better decisions and improve the execution of their business processes. (Laudon and laudon 2006). BUSINESS PROCESSES Information systems are all about improving business processes which lie at the very heart of a business. So it is important to understand what is meant by â€Å"business processes† Business processes, refer to the manner in which work is organised, coordinated, and focused to produce a valuable product or service. Business processes are workflows of materials, information, and knowledge-set of activities. Business processes also refers to the unique ways in which organisations coordinate work, information and knowledge, and the ways in which management chooses to coordinate work. Every business can be seen as a collection of business processes. Some of these processes are part of larger encompassing processes. For example, almost every business has a way to hire employees. The process of hiring employees is a business process in the sense that it is a set of activities that a firm uses to hire new employees. To a large extent the performance of a business firm depends on how well its business processes are designed and coordinated. A companys business processes can be a source of competitive strength if they enable the company to innovate or to execute better than its rivals. Business processes can also be liabilities if they are based on outdated ways of working that impede organisational responsiveness and efficiency. Information systems enhance business processes primarily in two ways: Increasing the efficiency of existing processes and Enabling entirely new processes that are capable of transforming the business TYPES OF BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS There are different systems depending on the different business processes but all the systems could be viewed from two different perspectives: a functional perspective identifying systems by their major business function, and a constituency perspective that identifies systems in terms of the major organisational groups that they serve. Systems from a functional perspective From a historical perspective, functional systems were the first kinds of systems developed by business firms. These systems were located in specific departments, such as accounting, marketing and sales, production, and human resources. There are four main types of information systems that serve different functional systems: Sales and marketing information systems help the firm with marketing business processes (identifying customers for the firms products or services, developing products and services to meet their needs, promoting products and services) and sales processes (selling the products and services, taking orders, contacting customers, and providing customer support). Manufacturing and production information systems deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and controlling the flow of production. Finance and accounting information systems keep track of the firms financial assets and fund flows. The typical finance and accounting information systems found in large organizations. Senior management uses finance and accounting systems to establish long-term investment goals for the firms and to provide long-range forecasts of the firms financial performance. Middle management uses systems to oversee and control the firms financial resources. Operational management uses finance and accounting systems to track the flow of funds in the firm through transactions, such as paychecks, payments to vendors, securities reports, and receipts. Human resources information systems maintain employee records, track employee skills, job performance and training, and support planning for employee compensation and career development. The system can produce a variety of reports, such as list of newly hired employees, employees who are terminated or on leaves of absence, employees classified by job type or educational level, or employee job performance evaluations. Systems from a Constituency Perspective This is a perspective that examines systems in terms of the various levels of management and types of decision that they support. Each of these levels has different information needs given their different responsibilities, and each can be seen as major information constituents. Senior managers need summary information that can quickly inform them about the overall performance of the firm. Middle managers need more specific information on the results of specific functional areas and departments of the firm. Operational managers need transactional-level information, such as number of parts in inventory each day. Knowledge workers may need access to external scientific databases or internal databases with organisational knowledge. Production or service workers may need access to information from production machines, and service workers may need access to customer records in order to take orders and answer questions from customers. There are four main categories of systems from a constituency perspective. Transaction processing systems (TPS) are basic business systems that serve the operational level of the organization by recording the daily routine transactions required to conduct business, such as payroll and sales receipts. Management information systems (MIS) serve middle managers interests by providing current and historical performance information to aid in planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. MIS typically compress TPS data to present regular reports on the companys basic operations. Decision Support Systems (DSS), or business intelligence systems, help managers with non-routine decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance. DSS are more analytical than MIS, using a variety of models to analyze internal and external data or condense large amounts of data for analysis. Executive support systems (ESS) provide a generalized computing and communications environment that help senior managers address strategic issues and identify long-term trends in the firm and its environment. ESS addresses non-routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at a solution. ESS present graphs and data from many internal and external sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use. Often the information is delivered to senior executives through a portal, which uses a Web interface to present integrated personalized business content. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TQM The importance of information technologies and the information systems function is no longer of debate among business people. The question, rather, is how an organization can take best advantage of IT in order to support its operations, add value to its products and services, and gain a competitive edge in the marketplace. To be able to perform up to such high expectations, the IS function must develop an intimate understanding of the expectations of its varied clientele. As organizations embark on their journey to be more responsive to their customers and to continuously improve the quality of their products and services, IS must do the same. Unfortunately, it seems that despite the importance of IT to the success of most organizations, the function is not proactive when it comes to actively pursuing and implementing quality principles. Surveys of IS managers found that a minority of IS managers (41%) understood the basic principles of Total Quality Management (TQM), and thought the y will beuseful to the IS function. Even in the cases where TQM principles were understood, they often were not implemented in the IS function. Total IS quality is a multidimensional concept. (Antonis C. Stylianou and Ram L. Kumar, September 2000) Dimensions Of Information Systems Quality Infrastructure Quality: The quality of the infrastructure (hardware and enabling software) that is fielded and maintained by IS—includes, for example, the quality of the networks, and systems software. Software Quality: The quality of the applications software built, or maintained, or supported by IS. Data Quality: The quality of the data entering the various information systems. Information Quality: The quality of the output resulting from the information systems. In many cases, the output of one system becomes the input of another. In that respect, information quality is related to data quality. Administrative Quality: The quality of the management of the IS function—Includes the quality of budgeting, planning, and scheduling. Service Quality: The quality of the service component ofthe IS function—includes the quality of customer support processes such as those related to a help desk. These dimensions overlap considerably, and what impacts one dimension will in many cases impact other dimensions as well. For example, a decline in infrastructure quality (for example, persistent network service interruptions) is likely to cause real or perceived problems with data and service quality. And even though in the eyes of some IS customers the distinction may be insignificant, it is nevertheless important in being able to respond appropriately. An appropriate response may include actions to address infrastructure quality (such as replacing a defective network component), data quality (such as more frequent backups), and service quality (such as improved communication on cause and resolution of the problem). So far, research on IS quality has addressed individual components of quality and not the big picture. Pearson et al.s framework for introducing TQM into the IS function, although broad, does not provide an integrated and detailed enough perspective for managing quality in key processes and products. Also, Pitt et al. present a model of IS success that is broad but incomplete. That model does not capture the variety of stakeholders affected, the interaction between IS and business processes, the administrative component of IS quality, and environmental influences on quality. An extensive literature exists on data and information quality, and software quality. Administrative IS quality, although it has not received as much attention on its own, is very similar to the quality of other management processes examined in the general concept. INFLUENCES ON INFORMATION SYSTEM QUALITY While IS quality is a general concept, there may be significant differences between organizations in terms of how quality is defined. Different organizations may emphasize different dimensions of IS quality. Environmental factors, such as industry type and the nature of competition, affect the importance of IS in the organization. Managing IS quality is more complicated in IT-intensive industries such as banking because of the large number of IS-supported processes and the high degree of integration between IS and business processes. The impact of organizational investments in IT on IS quality may vary depending on organizational factors such as culture, politics, and senior management support. Stakeholder perceptions of what constitutes acceptable quality may also vary depending on those factors. Departmental factors such as differences in leadership style, employee skills, and IT intensity also impact IS quality perceptions and management. These environmental, organizational, and d epartmental factors impact the relative importance of different stakeholder groups, the weights assigned by each stakeholder group to different quality attributes, and the metrics used to measure them. As a result, deciding how to configure and manage the IS quality program requires sensitivity to these factors. (Antonis C. Stylianou and Ram L. Kumar, September 2000) HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPROVE QUALITY Reduce Cycle Time and Simplify the production Process Studies have shown that probably the best single way to reduce quality problems is to reduce cycle time, which refers to the total elapsed time from the beginning of a process to its end. Shorter cycle times mean that problems are caught earlier in the process, often before the production of a defective product is completed, saving some of the hidden cost of producing it. Finding ways to reduce cycle time often means finding ways to simplify production steps. The fewer the steps in a process the less time and opportunity for an error to occur. Information systems help eliminate steps in a process and critical time delays. A company selling flowers by telephone or over the Web, used to be much smaller company that had difficulty retaining its customers. It had poor service, inconsistent quality, and a cumbersome manual order-taking process. Telephone representatives had to write each order, obtain credit card approval, determine which participating florist was closest to the delivery location, select a floral arrangement, and forward the order to the florist. Each step in the manual process increased the chance of human error, and the whole process took at least a half hour. A new information system that downloads orders taken in telecenters or over the Web to a central computer and electronically transmits them to local florists was installed. Orders are more accurate and arrive at the florist within two minutes Benchmark Companies achieve quality by using benchmarking to set strict standards for products, services, and other activities, and then measuring performance against those standards. Companies may use external industry standards, standards set by other companies; internally developed high standards; or some combination of the three. An outdoor clothing company used benchmarking to achieve an order-shipping accuracy of 99.9 percent. Its old batch order fulfillment system could not handle the surging volume and variety of items to be shipped. After studying Germans and Scandinavian companies with leading edge order fulfillment, the company redesigned its order fulfillment process and information systems so that orders could be processed as soon as they were received and shipped within 24 hours. Use Customer Demands to improve Products and Services Improving customer service, making customer service the number one priority, will improve the quality of the product itself. Improve Design Quality and Precision Computer aided design (CAD) software has made a major contribution to quality improvements in many companies, from producers of automobile to producers of razor blades. A computer-aided design (CAD) system automates the creation and revision of designs, using computers and sophisticated graphics software. Improve Production Precision and Tighten Production Tolerances For many products, quality can be enhanced by making the production process more precise, thereby decreasing the amount of variation from one part to another. CAD software often produces design specifications for tooling and manufacturing processes, saving additional time and money while producing a manufacturing process with far fewer problems. The user of this software is able to design a more precise production system, a system with tighter tolerances, than could ever be done manually. IMPLEMENTING AND MANAGING INFORMATION SYSTEM QUALITY In instituting an Information System quality program, lessons could and should be drawn from both successes and failures in quality programs implem

Depression Essay -- essays research papers

One of the most common mental disorders in the world today affecting up to 340 million people worldwide is depression. Imagine the entire student body of Upper Darby High School infected with the exact same disease. Depression is a common but complex disorder diversely affecting a variety of people with a multitude of symptoms. The disorder may be brought into affect due to a large number of causes. What can be done? There are numerous manners in which to treat this disorder spanning from medication to counseling to support groups. Although depression is one of the most treatable mental illnesses in the world, only about one half of all cases of depression are diagnosed and successfully treated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most common symptoms of depression include low self-esteem, loss of energy, or lack of interest in activities previously experienced as pleasurable. Sleeping problems have also been associated with depression. A study shows roughly 80% of diseased individuals experience insomnia (depression.com 1). Possible problems may include: difficulty in falling asleep, waking up in the middle of the night with difficulty returning to sleep, waking up too early in the morning, brief periods of REM sleep, unusually long periods of stage 1 (light) sleep, or unusually brief periods of stage 3 and 4 ( deep, restorative) sleep (depression.com 1). Weight and depression are also commonly associated with each other. Many people begin loosing interest in eating which results in weight loss. Others may experience the opposite effect and gain weight by overeating. Various antidepressant medications are known to have different affects on appetite and weight (depression.com 3). Suicid al thoughts are also a more common symptom of depression. Most people do not commit suicide because of increased suicidal thoughts. The risk of doing so simply increases their suicidal tendency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The causes of depression remain unclear and vary from person to person. Genetic factors of depression have become a growing interest among scientist. The most probable explanation of this disorder is a chemical imbalance in the human brain. Evidence suggests that depression is caused by a deficiency in noradrenaline and serotonin neurotransmitters (depression-net.com 2). Studies have shown that people with relatives who have depression gain a one in four ... ... electroconvulsive therapy. This is reserved for only the most sever cases of depression in which a patient has not responded to medication or for some reason is unable to take antidepressants. ECT is one of the most effective treatments for depression. Over the years, it has advanced to become a safer procedure (depression-net.com 5). The World Health Organization predicts that depression will be the greatest burden of ill health to the developing world by the year 2020. It is predicted to be the second largest cause of death and disability (depression-net 1). Will the new millennium spawn a new breed of ill mannered, drug intoxicated, depressed individuals? Depression is the most common mental disorder in the world today, and yet there are still many aspects of this illness that we do not know about. The exact cause of depression remains undetermined without a cure. There is no precise test that can be given to determine weather or not an individual has depression. There is a certain lack of understanding and knowledge among society. It is abnormal for a person to commit self inflicted harm intended upon ending his or her own lives. There is help for those depressed individuals.

My Life Changing Experience Essay

I’ve never been more sad than the day that my cousin Taron died. She had battled cancer for five years, if not more, when she took her last breath. She was in a coma for the last week of her life. She was a fighter; no matter how sick the chemotherapy made her, no matter how bad it hurt, she never complained. She was never mean to anyone, she never made a rude remark against someone, and everyone loved her. She lived for the Lord, and did everything she could for him. I believe in my heart, when she took her last breath, she went straight up the stairway to heaven. I will never forget the morning she went to the doctor and found out she had Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. I had to go to school with my aunt, and I was in the fifth grade. Taron walked into my aunt Sherry’s room when she was getting ready and my aunt noticed that her Lymph nodes were swelled, about the size of a baseball. She was freaking out, but my cousin wasn’t really scared until my aunt got scared. I think my aunt didn’t say anything else about it until I got to school because she didn’t want to scare me or my cousin any worse, but when I got picked up early that day at school, I kind of had a feeling something was wrong. It wasn’t long after that that we learned she had been diagnosed with cancer. The day she passed away, my mom told me if she came and picked me up early that something would’ve happened. I was worrying, but after a while, I kind of eased up a little bit. At lunch, I was eating and I saw one of the office runners come into the lunch room, and my heart dropped. I knew that I was checking out, and when I got the note it was all I could do not to burst out into tears. Taron was gone, and there was nothing I could do about it. Read more:  Essays About Life Changing Experiences I never even got to say goodbye, and that’s the part that kills me. Whenever I think about her, all I can see is her laying in that casket in a pink suit, with her hair fixed, but bruises on her arms and face from where she had been in the hospital. I walked and hugged all our family that was sitting on the first row of benches in the church, and I didn’t break down until I got to her dad, and he was the last one I was going to hug. I broke down, hugged him, and cried. All he said to me was, â€Å"It’s ok. She’s in a better place now. I went back to my seat, and when the preacher was preaching I saw a single tear run down my grandpa’s face, and it’s the only time I’ve ever seen him cry. The way this changed my outlook on life was major. I’ve never been so devastated in my life. I learned that no matter who you are, bad things happen to you, and no one is invincible. Death is real, but it had never hit me so hard. I’ve learned that you should live every day like it’s your last, and have fun while you can. I learned that no matter how bad your situation is, there’s always someone who has it worse. You should always treat others like you want to be treated, because you don’t know if they’ll be there tomorrow to apologize to them. God can give, and he can take away. I learned that life isn’t just about the material things, and laughter is necessary, because that’s how I’ve got through this. Laughter, love, and my wonderful family. You shouldn’t take things for granted, because sometimes as soon as things are going good for you, it can all fall apart. Live your life while you can, because Taron did, and I’m following in her footsteps. I’m living my life one day at a time, and I’m enjoying as much of it as I possibly can.

American Education System Of Education - 852 Words

According to the author, most of the foreigners studying in this country find it difficult to understand the American system of education and the how to cope with American students. To make foreign students understand and able to cope with the American higher education system, the author explains some assumption that is behind the education system. He noted that American higher education system has a connection with both the mechanical feature and the cultural beliefs, but not intellectual only as it is in many countries. People lacking knowledge of American culture may find it difficult to cope with the system. Another assumption is that much more attention is given the practical than the theoretical aspects. Workload is also demanding and required to produce factual information in all academic papers. In addition, according to Richard Nisbett’s, as the author noted, â€Å" Americans believe in a system of education which is more abstract, digital, objective, analytical, r ational, detached, and concerned with validity† while, â€Å" people from another culture believes in a system which is more concrete, analogical, subjective, holistic, global, metaphorical, empathetic, and concerned with relationships.†(Althen. p. 211) The author further explains that in terms of student’s relationship, Americans are independent, and always do not want to friends with foreign students which is contrary to another culture. On the base of group work or study, American prefer to use email orShow MoreRelatedThe American Education System Education1438 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Education System Education plays important role in society. It determines the final development of an adult’s personality. In today’s society most jobs require a University degree. 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Districts are making efforts to provide technology forRead MoreThe American Education System1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe American education system, as we know it, has failed us, and more of our youth are becoming incarcerated at young ages. The educational system has taken a backseat when it comes to funding prisons; youths have chosen to live a life of crime, as education has become less substantial than money and resources allocated to prisons. Although television shows such as Lock Up or Lock Down expose the harsh realities of the wars that are ongoing in prison, the war on education has taken a substantialRead MoreThe American education system2584 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿The American education system requires that students complete 12 years of primary and secondary education prior to attending university or college.   Although admission policies vary from one university to the next, most determine admission based on several criteria, including a student s high school course of study, high school Grade Point Average (GPA), participation in extracurricular activities, SAT or ACT exam scores, a written essay, and possibly a personal interview. University studentsRead MoreThe American Education System1119 Words   |  4 PagesThe school calendar varies a little from state to state; but American grade school students are guaranteed 180 days no more, no less. Colleges and universities can operate on their own schedules. The list of holidays that students and their teachers enjoy range from Thanksgiving to Spring Break. In some locations, school holidays account for demographic diversity. For example, many school districts mandate holidays for Yom Kippur. Recently, Eid al-Fitr (the feast day at the end of Ramadan) was addedRead MoreChinese Education System and the American Education System Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesENG Chinese education system and the American education system The differences between the Chinese education and the American education are more obvious in people’s mind, not only to the international students, but also to the native students and some people who study on this. As more and more Chinese students come to America to have better education, we should think about why the American education system is better and how could we change our system to have a new education system in China. TheseRead MoreAmerican Education Reform Paper : The Education System1232 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Education Reform Paper In the past, the learning system was non complex. Students invariably learned in classrooms. They would learn from and be educated by their teacher and grasped other facts from textbooks. The teachers would ask them questions and students would answer them to display they understood. Other information about other parts of the world, they learned from books. Throughout the years, the learning system changed. Issues or flaws in the system were addressed and improved

Career Path Interview - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 674 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Career Path Essay Did you like this example? 1.If you are currently employed is it in your desired career?If you are not currently working what is your desired career? A: I am currently working as a Web Developer.Well, that is one of my desired designation in my career.I wanted to gain strong hands-on with Web Applications development which helps in working on tricky coding. Apart from that my interest of area also covers the Information security technology.I am more interested in learning the defense techniques in depth for Web Applications security and also like to deal with the security threats or Web Application vulnerabilities. My course i.e information system security helps me to explore more and I wish to setup my career in securites domain in future. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Career Path Interview" essay for you Create order 2.What has been your career path up until now? A: My interest in IT development for multiple applications never left me. I started working for a reputed IT company after my undergraduation course. My area of work was not in development initially.But still I managed to migrate to development wing of the company after showing my practical experience in development of applications which I earned by working for smaller projects during my undergarduate course of study.Then I pursued my masters degree in computer science and worked to gain some experience in different technologies by working for multiple applications. At present, I joined in the course as am interested in learning Informations System securities. I wanted to go for next level in my career and in order to achieve it I need to be enough experienced in multi-technologies. 3.What do you like most about your job? Explain If you are not currently employed,what has been your favorite job that youve had in the past? Explain? A. The most exciting thing of my job is multi-tasking.This multi-tasking is almost common in every job but here my point of excitement is I am being involved for multi-platform projects which are close to my experience and knowledge.Apart from my domain of technology I learn new things in different projects and my excellent team always helped me in learning. We always take challenges of developing and testing the things in multi- platform. In past job I worked on same technology for long time but still managed to learn new things simultaneously by pair programming process. That was one main excited thing in my past project. 4.If absolutely no obstacles stood in the way of your achieving it,what would you most like to attain in your career? A. Mostly it is rare to find out the career without obstacles.It was same with me as I had some barriers in my career path.If there were no obstacles in my way then I would have been in the highest designation for a company with good fat salary. But still at present, I managed to be in a good position of my career with all my hard-work and support from my well-wishers! 5.Where would you like to be in your career in 5 years? In 10 years? In 15 years? A. I always aimed for the highest designation in my career but wanted to achieve step-by-step which gives me a satisfaction for all my hardwork. In next five years, I would like to be a strong security Engineer. This five years helps me to explore more in this domain and makes me more strong in my skill. And the next level of my career i.e after 10 years I want to become a security director.If not, I will reach for a strong security Architect level of designation. Though it may not be the final designation of my career but still after 15 years I want to aim for a CHIEF INFORMATION SECURITY OFFICER(CISO) position. An Organization security is the foremost concern for the CISO and it would be the very big responsibility for the career. And apart from all the technological stack, I wanted to acquire good communication skills through practical training course which makes my life easier and simple with good communication.

Egypt the Five Themes of Geography - 1416 Words

Egypt- The Five Themes of Geography Egypt is a land of rich culture, society, religion, customs, and prosperity. Tourists flock over in floods to marvel at the wonders of Egypt: the pyramids, the temples, the Sphinx, and the fortresses. But if the Egyptians hadn’t been lucky to stumble upon the land of Egypt, there would not be much left to see. Egypt’s unique geography separates it from other lands. Each of the five themes of geography, which are location, region, place, interaction, and movement, are distinctly different from the others and have shaped Egypt’s environment throughout the ages. Location is the spot or setting of an area. There are two kinds of location: exact and relative location. Exact location is where in latitude†¦show more content†¦Every time there was a war, prisoners were enslaved. Slaves were common in Egypt. However, slaves in Egypt had many more rights than slaves in other areas; they could own property, get married, and win their freedom. The Egyptians also advanced in their technology. They invented a writing system called hieroglyphics, mummification, pyramids, and more. Egypt was a fascinating place with many cultural and natural features that allowed Egyptians to cooperate, interact with, and make use of their environment. Interaction is how humans interact, adapt to, modify, and depend on their surroundings and environment. The Egyptians adapted to living on the Nile. They depended on its water and its annual floods to provide their farmlands with rich black silt and water. In the silt, farmers generally planted wheat. Women took and ground the wheat to flour to make bread. The extra grain was stored by the government in the granaries. The fields were irrigated with water from the Nile. Slaves worked as laborers and dug the irrigation ditches. Egyptians also used animals to plow the fields. Farm tools were manufactured out of copper and bronze. Egyptian men farmed their fields in the spring, but i n the summer, the land was no good, so the turned to buildings. In the fall, they harvested last spring’s crops. A surplus of food developed, which allowed division of labor and different people to be doing different jobs. Some people used the river clay to makeShow MoreRelatedCreating A Global Treasure Hunt1547 Words   |  7 PagesThemes of Geography Learning Target 2 Step 3 Step 3: Creating a Global Treasure Hunt Step 1: You will learn about 10 places on Earth Essential Question: What skills do geographers use? Directions: You will choose 10 places on Earth to research and study. You may choose places that are well known or unfamiliar. 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Research on International Migrants and Divorce

Question: Describe about the Research on International Migrants and Divorce. Answer: Introduction Thesis Statement There is a significant relationship between international migration and the divorce rate of couples, the main causes of divorce in between migrants couple are lack of adequate communication and difference in languages, customs and cultures. Background This research paper analyzes the relationship between the international migration and divorce rate of couples. Couples for the purpose of this research have been divided into two different types. The first one is the couple who are working in different countries to each other. The second one are the couple who are staying and working together in the same country but the husband and wife have a different cultural background as compared to each other. The problem with the first couple is that as they are living and working in different countries, they are not able to communicate properly with each other (Fournier, Setrakian McDougall, 2012). In addition, the quality and quantity of communication taking place between does not satisfy the needs of a happy married life. The problem of the first couple can be solved to some extent by the use of latest technologies in communications like social networks and video calling (Milton, 2013). The problem between the second couple arises due to t he difference in the cultural background of the husband and wife. Both the individuals associated together through marriage have different customs, rituals, religious backgrounds and languages (Tan, 2016). Divorce rate between type two couple is high as compared to the first type of couple. Disputes arise between these couples, as they are not able to coup up with the difference between each others culture (Caarls Mazzucato, 2015). Aims of the research What is the relationship between international migration and couple divorce rate? What are the reasons for divorce between the first types of couples? What are the reasons for divorce between the second types of couples? What are the ways in which factors, which encourage divorce between couples, can be solved? Objectives of the research To analyze the relationship between migration and couple divorce rate To analyze the reasons for divorce between the first type of couple To analyze the reason for divorce between the second type of couples To analyze the ways, in which factors that encourage divorce between couples, can be solved Literature review Migration is a very stressful life event, which have a vast physiological impact on the person who is migrating (Andersson, Obucina Scott, 2015). This event of migration not only affects the person who is migrating but also others who are associated with such person especially their spouses (Bijwaard Van Doeselaar, 2014). The difference of culture between the second types of couples becomes more severe on basis of the duration of time spent by the husband and wife with respect to the culture of the host country (Sportel, 2016). Most of the second types of couple have a shorter acquaintance time before marriage and they do not get to know each other properly before marriage. In the first type of couple, the stress endured by the husband and wife due to migration has a negative impact on the relationship between them and often leads to conflicts and disputes. In the first type of couple, loyalty becomes an issue because of the lack of communication and stress and often makes the coup les more vulnerable to divorce (Qureshi, 2014). In the second type of couple gender equation also plays an import role in their relationship. If the male who has migrated form a male dominant country, marries a female in a country, which has more gender equality, differences between them will be bound to occur, as the male will not be able to adjust properly with the increased bargaining power of the female. One of the potential causes of divorce between the second types of couple is the reason of marriage (Antognini, 2014). The reason for marring for most of the immigrants in foreign countries are not usual, they get married to each other for attaining a social status in the foreign society. This reason is not enough to keep them together for long and eventually the only option before them is to get divorced. With respect to the second type of couple, if the individuals to a marriage get married to a local resident they do not enjoy the same social status and personal identity as that of their spouses , this often leads to disput es between them and make them vulnerable to divorce. With respect to the first type of couple, the husband, wife working, and living in different countries get deeply involved in the society of those countries and in addition, they become too busy with their working schedule to take out time for their spouses. This gradually diminishes the emotional attachment between them and the essence of marriage is lost which eventually leads to separation and divorce (Milewski Kulu, 2014). Moreover, when the spouses are working in other countries and have different career goals to each other, their expectations from each other also become different, and when they are not able to satisfy each others expectations disputes between them arise (Obu?ina, 2014). The first type of couple, who are separated from each other by distance and international borders are not able to satisfy the basic needs to a marriage because of a distance gap. This is also one of the main causes of divorce between the first types of couple. The lack of communication between these couples make them more demanding towards each other which ultimately causes distress in their personal life, This distress has a negative impact on their relationship and the arguments between them keep on growing and ultimately lead to divorce. The first type of couple may also suffer from financial problems as their spouses are not present with them, even if they are financially stable the difference in their financial status can lead to egos and misunderstandings that lay a foundation for separation (Benson, 2016). Due to the difference is distance and lack of proper communication between them the misunderstandings that occur are not solved easily and often become so severe that they are not able to stay together (Furtado, Marcn Sevilla, 2013). The problem between the first types of couple can be solved to certain by the use of proper communication methods and counseling. The first type of couple usually has the same cultural background and has better understandings towards each other (Liversage, 2012). Their problems can be solved by closing the communication gap between them. This gap can be closed by the use of modern technologies in communication sector and the use of social networks. Counseling couples about how to maintain the relationship these between them in spite of the difference will also play a major role in solving the problems between them (Bijwaard Doeselaar, 2012). The second type of couple on the other hand has many differences with respect to culture, customs, languages and religion. Solving these differences is a major challenge, which is often not achieved. In Sweden, the divorce rate of the migrant couples who have got married in the country and are living together is higher as compared to those migrants who are married outside Sweden and are in a long distance marriage. In addition, the second type of couple can readily avail the option of divorce as compared to the first type form that divorce is a complicated affair. Research methods Type of investigation The researcher has conducted a descriptive research for the purpose of this research paper with the help of relevant theories and concepts. These concept and theories will help the researcher to come to a coherent conclusion about this topic. Data collection For the purpose of this research paper, the researcher has collected qualitative data as it has guided the researcher to come to a strong conclusion. The researcher has collected this data through secondary data collection method. Secondary data collection method is the collection of data with reference to authentic research articles, books and journals of renowned scholars and websites, which deal with this topic. Data sources: For the purpose of this research the researcher has collected data from protecting the absent spouse in international Divorce written by Wainhouse. Data has also been collected through divorce risks of immigrants in Sweden in the yearly conference of the Population Association of America, by Andersson and Scott. The researcher has also referred to Lost in Translation: the failure of interstate divorce system to adequately Address the Needs of International Divorcing Couples by Geffner-Mihlsten. The researcher has also referred to latest news articles for the purpose of this research paper. Data analysis: The data analysis method used by the researcher for the purpose of this research paper is the qualitative data analysis method. This method has been chosen by the researcher because the research is which conducted has been analyzed in a qualitative approach. This analysis has been useful, as the researcher has not done any mathematical or statistical analysis for the purpose of this research. According to the researcher for the purpose of conducting research on a topic like international migration and its relation to divorce qualitative analysis of secondary data is best, as this topic requires the application of theories and response based of the existing data related to divorce and migration. Conclusion and recommendations: The detailed qualitative analysis of various articles, books and journals the researcher has concluded that there is major connection between international migration and the divorce rates of the immigrants. The researcher has found that the main cause of divorce between the immigrates who are married and stay in different countries is the lack of communication between them. This can be solved by taking out a common time for each other from their schedules and adapting the various technological developments in the field of communication as a source to communicate with each other (Adser Ferrer, 2014). This can be solved by the use of social networks like facebook and Whatsapp, which will help them to stay, connected with each other by sharing photos and videos with respect to their personal lives. They can solve the misunderstandings between them by referring to online counseling organizations, which help couples resolve their relationship disputes and live continue in a growing and h ealthy relationship. These couples should give extra efforts to solve disputes between them related to egos and financial disputes by understanding the needs of each other and trying to live up to each others expectations. The researcher has also come to a conclusion that, the migrating individuals who get married in foreign land to person having the same culture face problems with respect to the amount of time they have been exposed to the culture of the foreign country. If the time spent by their spouse in the other countries is for a long duration than it is evitable that they will get accustomed to cultures of that particular country. This will let them lose the essence of their own culture and will eventually lead to disputes with their partners. The migrants before marriage should consider this factor and take the decision to marry or not accordingly. If the immigrants do not take this step then they will not be getting what they expect from the marriage and this will eventually lead to disputes and separation. The researcher also concludes that immigrants who get married to the residents of the foreign country have difficulty in adapting to their cultures; the individuals of the other country whom they are marring have their own customs, rituals and may have a different language. The difference in language will lead to miscommunications between them and the lack of knowledge about each others cultures will lead to disputes and eventually divorce. The researcher has also concluded that this can be only avoided by spending more time as acquaintance and get to know each other better before advancing for marriage. References: Adser, A., Ferrer, A. (2014). Immigrants and demography: Marriage, divorce, and fertility.Handbook of the Economics of International Migration: The Immigrants, 315. Andersson, G., Obucina, O., Scott, K. (2015). Marriage and divorce of immigrants and descendants of immigrants in Sweden.Demographic Research,33, 31. Antognini, A. (2014). Family Unity Revisited: Divorce, Separation, and Death in Immigration Law.South Carolina Law Review,66(1). Benson, M. (2016).Lifestyle migration: Expectations, aspirations and experiences. Routledge. Bijwaard, G. E., Van Doeselaar, S. (2012). The Impact of Divorce on Return-Migration of Family Migrants. Bijwaard, G. E., Van Doeselaar, S. (2014). The impact of changes in the marital status on return migration of family migrants.Journal of Population Economics,27(4), 961-997. Caarls, K., Mazzucato, V. (2015). Does International Migration Lead to Divorce? Ghanaian Couples in Ghana and Abroad.Population,70(1), 127-151. Fournier, P., Setrakian, A., McDougall, P. (2012). No-Fault Talaq: Islamic Divorce in Canadian Immigration and Family law.Interpreting Divorce Law in Islam, Copenhagen: djf Publishing. Furtado, D., Marcn, M., Sevilla, A. (2013). Does culture affect divorce? Evidence from European immigrants in the United States.Demography,50(3), 1013-1038. Liversage, A. (2012). Gender, conflict and subordination within the household: Turkish migrant marriage and divorce in Denmark.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,38(7), 1119-1136. Milewski, N., Kulu, H. (2014). Mixed marriages in Germany: A high risk of divorce for immigrant-native couples.European Journal of Population,30(1), 89-113. Milton, J. (2013). The Doctrine of Discipline and Divorce. Obu?ina, O. (2014, September). Marriage migration and divorce risk in Sweden. British Society for Population Studies Conference, Winchester, UK. Qureshi, K. (2014). Briefing Report: Migration, Marital Instability and Divorce among British Asians. Sportel, I. (2016).Divorce in Transnational Families: Marriage, Migration and Family Law. Springer. Tan, X. (2016, November). A Longitudinal Analysis of Internal Migration, Divorce and Well-Being in China. In2016 Fall Conference: The Role of Research in Making Government More Effective. Appam.