Longcomm Essay Research Paper How Some Black free essay sample

Longcomm Essay, Research Paper How Some Black Slaves had the option to free themselves in Colonial America. The historical backdrop of Blacks under the burden of servitude is non a sort 1. Pilgrim ( A ) Latin America was the first and perhaps the most noticeably awful perpetratorin the offense of servitude. Brought from over the ocean to work without wagesand to bear frightful mediation the African part of Latin Americansociety carried on with an existence of most extreme diadvantage. At long last the restrictionsplaced upon Blacks and the progression of predisposition against them decreased inseverity. These adjustments in positions and perspectives came simple however positively whenthe Blacks and Spanish Whites lived and worked in close propinquity with oneanother. Notwithstanding the needs of the Crown the individuals of White and Blackmixed together ordinarily ( prof exchanged # 8220 ; combined # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; regularly # 8221 ; . It was in the urban condition this blending of people groups wasbound to go on and where Blacks appreciated the most possibilities forfreedom. Dark slaves in provincial Latin America endured under extremeprejudice and standardized imbalance. We will compose a custom paper test on Longcomm Essay Research Paper How Some Black or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Transplanted from theirhomeland and missing a typical human advancement or phonetic correspondence, Black slaves wereforcibly incorporated into an abusive Spanish Colonial society andeconomy. In any case, certain situations for Black slaves were lessoppressive than others. The urban scene managed Black with someopportunity to break their place I the Americas. Close contact withthe Spanish regular man and the gigantic physical nearness of Blacks, free andslave, allowed many Black Americans the chance to lift out of subjugation intoself finding. Lima, Peru was a head delineation of this dynamic. Here Black slavelabor was in significantly more popularity than was regular for a large portion of Latin Americadue to the profoundly high death pace of the Indian populaces uponcontact with Euorpean and Afican infection. The Indians that endure werereluctant to go forward the unassuming community after the most extreme decrease in populace andthe across the board abuse of the mita framework. A s an outcome, Black work was inmore request than it ever was and especially in the urban Centers. BecauseLima was situated in a mineral rich beach front nation ( B ) the conceivable foreconomic advancement was enormous if satisfactory work could be found. Lima created perhaps the biggest populace in the New World withover half of its occupants from the Black or Mulatto standing. The economyof Peru was controlled and quite a bit of its anxiety and exchanges were performedin the capital city of Lima. Lima was a bustling seaside safe house that linkedwith Pacific exchange ways, prepared esteemed metals, protected the highseas against Dutch and Portuguese intrusion, housed the removal ofthe settlement, delighted in a structure thunder and the entirety of the different economicamenities related with a turning city. The dejected region of the work showcase in Lima gave Black slaveswith opportunities to larn talented exchanges through apprenticeships andexperience. With work in such popula rity, slaveowners were more willingto furnish their slaves with instigations to work and to larn skillestrades. Better rewards, choices to buy opportunity through a for each centum of theirwages. The possibility of inevitable opportunity and equivalent prizes strenghthenedblack financial independency and cultural position. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; Slaves and freewomans in urban nations picked up course to most manual exchanges, notwithstanding preferential Torahs # 8230 ; These spots in the urban financial framework gaveslaves opportunities to pick up and move up cash, which prompted manumissionand the developing of a free dark network. # 8221 ; The use of Black work, free or crush ones spirit, was far reaching throughoutthe settlement however especially so in the urban nations. Crown companies madeuse of Black gifted and untalented slave work. The Church other than observed thebenefits of using dark work in for achievement required maps. Slaves were desperately nee ded to perform work in about each part of Lima’seconomy with the exception of the most selective. Notwithstanding the way that the nearness ofBlacks in extraordinary amounts was essential and invited by business theSpanish world class of the general public stayed fearful. The colonialgovernment were very much aware of the potential issues that an enormous Blackpopulation in the city would have on their racial position society. Laws werepassed that were proposed to isolate the races and forestall race blending. These laws couldn't control the tide of mainstream reality which was that theraces were at that point blending and that the urban work of Black individuals wasnecessary for the economy. Another quality of Peruvian slave work was the presence inevery area and each specialty of free dark and mulatto laborers employedalongside slaves. For the Black slave to know and come in customary contactwith Blacks who had liberated themselves from oppression must have beeninspirational for them. The presence of these good example for freedom musthave prodded a much more prominent purpose among Blacks to in the end secure ameasure of self-assurance. Race blend contributed incredibly to the quantity of free coloredpeople. At the point when the quantity of blended race individuals heightened the strictimpositions of teh state before long got hard to maintain. The blend ofAfrican and Native was difficult to forestall in spite of the desires of thecrown. Relations between white Spaniards, generally men, and blackmistresses were ordinary in the early provincial time frame. The resultingoffspring were in a condition of legitimate vagueness with regards to the slavecaste framework. This was very critical in light of the fact that they were a growingpercentage of the urban populace. â€Å"In their eyes and in the perspective on society everywhere race blend producedtypes who joined the most noticeably terrible imperfections and indecencies of the two guardians. So strong was the bias that this view would in general become a self-fulfillingprophecy.† Despite this perspective urban slaves and minorities individuals of mixedparentage were getting progressively critical to the general public all in all and morereadily worthy to the white populace. The appearing liberality of somemasters permitted dark craftsmans to apply a part of wages towards opportunity. Slaveowners would rent out their captives to specific organizations for benefit. â€Å"Complex web of direct proprietorship, rentals, and independent work made theslaves an incredibly versatile and flexible work force.† While being of extraordinary advantage to business the expanded numbers ofmestizos was demonstration of the way that the Black populace was alsoaccepted by an incredible number of Spanish people groups. Shading was graduallybecoming less significant in characterizing societal position. The adherence toEuropean or Spanish culture and custom was currently turning into the y ardstickfor social acknowledgment. Since a lion's share of the urban Black slaves wereemployed locally a recognition with Spanish culture as of now existedamong numerous Blacks. Regardless of the triumphs that some Urban Blacks could accomplish, themajority of the Black populace, both urban and country, endured throughoutLatin America. The Urban condition was not a safe house for Black individuals butat least it considered a portion of the Black populace to turn out to be more thanjust slaves. The truth of the socioeconomics and requirements of businessdemanded the nearness of Blacks in the urban scene. The nearness oflarge quantities of Blacks working and living in closeness to theSpanish everyday citizen and the Spanish first class ran in direct clash with thestate position on racial intermixing and racial partiality. The position ofthe State was much of the time disregarded by the general people notwithstanding thephysical reality. Slave proprietorship in Peru would turn into a m odel for all Spanish andmost of Portuguese America too. A similar example of Black urbanizationand social blending was in the end experienced all through Latin America.

Business Analysis Juice Drinks

Question: Talk about theBusiness Analysisfor Juice Drinks. Answer: Examination Succulent, the producer of juice drinks has out of nowhere observed a ruin in the year 2014 regarding the earlier year. It is seen that that there has been huge changes in the taste and inclinations of the buyers with the evolving time. In the provincial locales, there has been rate ascent of offer volume for CSD, ED, SPO and PW from the most recent year, the rate extending from 0.2 to 1.8% individually. The offer level of RTDT and JD has fallen in this year with having a distinction of 0.6% (Value of 2013-Value of 2014). It additionally saw that the volume of development rate has been the best for JD with a tumble from the most recent year, which shows that the interest for JD has fallen in the market obviously (Bradbear and Friel, 2013). As for the land district of the concerned nation, it is seen that there has been an expansion in the portion of exchange volume percent the North however the volume development versus YA is negative. In Central district, there has been a fall and rate volume development additionally being negative which, is a noteworthy fall. Indeed, even a limited quantity of percent has fallen in the South with a negative development. The MT district has just observed an ascent for JD alongside a positive development. It can likewise be seen that the interest of juice drinks has not fallen fundamentally as a fall request in the urban this year is repaid by the country in 2014 yet it is seen that that the shoppers have moved their enthusiasm from producer Juicy to different rivals looking for better quality (Huang et al. 2016). There commitment of bundle and flavor in 2014 has seen changes yet it isn't that significant for the decay of deals for Juicy the base fall and rise is all around remunerated by the various assortments and favors. It is likewise observed that volume of portion of Juicy in the urban region has just fallen in the North and Central and in Central and South in the provincial. Suggestion It is in this manner seen that, with the presence of adversary firms in the field of juice drink producing Juicy has lost its piece of the pie. Succulent, to expand its piece of the pie needs to advance its item and make a brand for itself through alluring advancements and offers and furthermore through the presentation of more current kinds of juices in the market. The firm needs to improve its business system and take up the cutting edge creative exchange rehearses (Hattersley, Isaacs and Burch,2013). The circulation procedure of the item should be firm so impartial dispersion happens and with new notice and special exercises the firm and re-dispatch its item in the market persuading the purchasers that the item is currently heavenly and delectable alongside having healthy benefits in it. The commercials ought to likewise concentrate on the evaluating strategy where it should appear with the extra highlights in the beverage, the costs have been conservative and item is pocket agree able. Such activities, whenever taken by Juicy can assist them with restoring their situation in the market. Reference List Bradbear, C. furthermore, Friel, S., 2013. Incorporating environmental change, food costs and populace health.Food Policy,43, pp.56-66. Hattersley, L., Isaacs, B. furthermore, Burch, D., 2013. Grocery store power, own-marks, and producer counterstrategies: universal relations of collaboration and rivalry in the organic product canning industry.Agriculture and human values,30(2), pp.225-233. Huang, H.W., Wu, S.J., Lu, J.K., Shyu, Y.T. what's more, Wang, C.Y., 2016. Current status and future patterns of high-pressure handling in food industry.Food Control,72, pp.1-8. Tabaraki, R., Heidarizadi, E., Sadeghinezhad, N., Salimpour, S. also, Yosefi, Z., 2016. Recuperation of common cancer prevention agents from organic product juice industry residuals by ultrasound-helped extraction and reaction surface methodology.Acta Alimentaria,45(2), pp.163-174.

Tips for Coping With Nausea While on Antidepressants

Tips for Coping With Nausea While on Antidepressants Depression Treatment Medication Print Coping With Nausea While on Antidepressants Gastrointestinal Side Effects Common With SSRI Drugs By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Nausea and vomiting are two of the more common side effects of antidepressants, and it may take some time to get over these symptoms when first starting treatment. In fact, nausea is often cited as the number one side effect  of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used to treat major depression and anxiety disorders.?? In some cases, nausea and vomiting can become so severe or persistent that a person has no other option but to stop treatment. Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin Causes Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of many drugs. These symptoms are more often due to the effect a drug has on the central nervous system (CNS)?? rather than any toxic effect it has on the stomach or gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The situation is slightly different with SSRI antidepressants. This class of drug works by stimulating the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with mood, cognition, and appetite. When serotonin levels increase under the influence of SSRIs, they stimulate serotonin receptors in the GIT as well as the brain. The combined stimulatory effectâ€"on both the GIT and CNSâ€"can trigger such side effects as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and the loss of appetite (anorexia). Call your doctor if you experience persistent vomiting for more than 24 hours and have signs of moderate dehydration, or if vomiting and diarrhea are both present. Antidepressant Withdrawal Antidepressants can also cause nausea and vomiting when treatment is stopped too suddenly. Known as antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (or simply antidepressant withdrawal), the condition can cause an array of symptoms if the body is suddenly deprived of the drug. Gastrointestinal symptoms are among the most common and potentially severe. While antidepressant withdrawal symptoms are less intense than those associated with benzodiazepines, they can persist for several weeks and even lead to rebound depression?? (in which depressive symptoms return, sometimes worse than before). In addition to nausea and vomiting, antidepressant withdrawal can cause diarrhea, anxiety, fever, headaches, confusion, profuse sweating, tremors, dizziness, vivid dream, panic attacks, and even hallucinations. People who have taken antidepressants for longer than six weeks are more likely to experience withdrawal unless the daily dose is gradually tapered. How to Cope With Withdrawal Nausea Risk by Drug Type Research  issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration suggests that the risk of SSRI-associated nausea ranges from significant to high: Paxil (paroxetine): 3.2 percent??Celexa (citalopram): 4 percentLexapro (escitalopram): 15 percentProzac (fluoxetine): 21 percent??Zoloft (sertraline): 26 percentLuvox (fluvoxamine): 40 percent This shouldnt suggest that nausea and vomiting only occur with SSRIs. The symptoms are also common with other classes of antidepressants, albeit less commonly or profoundly. These include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors  (SNRIs) and selective serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs), all of which increase serotonin availability in the blood. Nausea and vomiting are less common with a class of antidepressant known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The only exception is with MAOIs are stopped too abruptly, triggering withdrawal. Coping In most cases, nausea and vomiting will develop soon after treatment is started and gradually resolve within one to two weeks once the body adapts to the medication. However, as many as 32 percent of people taking an SSRI will experience recurrent bouts for up to three months.?? Fortunately, there are things you can do to minimize these symptoms: Take your medication with food, unless you are told otherwise.Take your antidepressant at bedtime to sleep through the worst of the symptoms.Eat smaller, more frequent meals.Suck on sugarless, hard candy whenever you are nauseousTake an antacid like Zantac (ranitidine) or bismuth subsalicylate like Pepto-Bismol.Sip ginger tea or slightly flattened ginger ale.As your doctor about a slow-release form of your antidepressant.Ask your doctor to temporarily lower your dosage. Your doctor can also prescribe anti-nausea medications such as Zofran (ondansetron).?? While proton pump inhibitors like Prilosec (omeprazole) may help, they can sometimes increase the concentration of antidepressant in your blood and may require a dose adjustment to avoid new or worsening side effects. If your nausea or vomiting becomes intolerable, your doctor may have no  other choice but to change treatment to another antidepressant with a lower nausea risk, such as Celexa (citalopram), Paxil (paroxetine), or Symbyax (fluoxetine/olanzapine). Drug Tapering Strategies To reduce the risk of withdrawal symptoms when stopping an antidepressant, speak with your doctor about the appropriate tapering strategy. Going cold turkey is never advised and may end up triggering the very symptoms you were being treated for. As a general rule, the longer youve been on antidepressants, the longer and slower the tapering period will be. Some people can be tapered off in a matter of weeks; others may take months. Most doctors will reduce the daily dosage in three to four stages, maybe more if youve been on a drug for a long time. Examples include: Paxil??Starting dose: 60 milligrams (mg)1st dose reduction: 40 mg2nd dose reduction: 30 mg3rd dose reduction: 20 mg4th dose reduction: 10 mgCelexaStarting dose: 40 mg1st dose reduction: 30 mg2nd dose reduction: 20 mg3rd dose reduction: 10 mgLexapro??Starting dose: 20 mg1st dose reduction: 15 mg2nd dose reduction: 10 mg3rd dose reduction: 5 mgProzacStarting dose: 60 mg1st dose reduction: 40 mg2nd dose reduction: 30 mg3rd dose reduction: 20 mg4th dose reduction: 10 mgZoloft??Starting dose: 200 mg1st dose reduction: 150 mg2nd dose reduction: 100 mg3rd dose reduction: 75 mg4th dose reduction: 50 mg Tapering should always be done under the supervision of a doctor. In some cases, tapering may require altering doses if an interim dose is not available. (For example, you may need to take 40 mg one day and 20 mg the next if a 30-mg pill is not available.) Unless otherwise directed, never cut an antidepressant in half as this affects the speed in which it is absorbed and may trigger side effects. Call your doctor immediately if you experience any signs of withdrawal. How to Avoid Antidepressant Withdrawal

The Punctuation Effect Definition and Examples

The use of laughter as the oral equivalent of punctuation at the end of a spoken phrase or sentence. The term punctuation effect was coined by neuroscientist Robert R. Provine in his book Laughter: A Scientific Investigation (Viking, 2000). See Examples and Observations, below. Examples and Observations [Uncle Emil] was a big, rough, hearty man who was missing one whole finger and part of another from accidents in the steel mill, and his language was goodhearted, loud, punctuated by laughter, and not at all suited for Sunday school. (Michael Novak, Controversial Engagements. First Things, April 1999) During conversation, laughter by speakers almost always follows complete statements or questions. Laughter is not randomly scattered throughout the speech stream. Speaker laughter interrupted phrases in only 8 (0.1 percent) of 1,200 laugh episodes. Thus, a speaker may say, You are going where? . . . ha-ha, but rarely You are going . . . ha-ha . . . where? This strong and orderly relationship between laughter and speech is akin to punctuation in written communication and is termed the punctuation effect. . . .The punctuation effect holds for the audience as well as for the speaker; a surprising result because the audience could laugh at any time without speech-related competition for their vocalization channel. No audience interruptions of speaker phrases were observed in our 1,200 laugh episodes. Its unclear whether the punctuation of speech by audience laughter is cued directly by the speaker (e.g., apostphrase pause, gesture, or laughter), or by a brain mechanism similar to that pr oposed for the speaker that maintains the dominance of language (this time perceived, not spoken) over laughter. The brains of speaker and audience are locked in a dual-processing mode.(Robert R. Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. Viking, 2000) [The] punctuation effect is highly reliable and requires the coordination of laughing with the linguistic structure of speech, yet it is performed without the conscious awareness of the speaker. Other airway maneuvers, such as breathing and coughing, also punctuate speech and are performed without speaker awareness. (Robert R. Provine in What We Believe but Cannot Prove: Todays Leading Thinkers on Science in the Age of Uncertainty, ed. by John Brockman. HarperCollins, 2006) Glitches in the Punctuation Effect The shared rhythm of laughter-inducing comments and responses--comment/laughter . . . comment/laughter, similar to a call-response pattern in gospel music--suggests a powerful, neurologically based attachment/affiliation dance in action, such as that described by Stern (1998).Others have noted, and Temple Grandin has described in her autobiography on dealing with her own autism, what happens when there is a glitch in this processing mode. Grandin says that being autistic has meant she is not able to follow the social rhythm of laughter. Other people will laugh together and then talk quietly until the next laughing cycle. She inadvertently interrupts or starts laughing at the wrong places . . ..(Judith Kay Nelson, What Made Freud Laugh: An Attachment Perspective on Laughter. Routledge, 2012) Filler Laughs When paying for food in Leipzig, I was struck by how much of my daily interaction was punctuated by laughter that was totally detached from what I was doing. I would buy some beer and cookies and give the clerk a twenty-euro note; inevitably, the clerk would ask if I had exact change because Germans are obsessed with both exactness and money. I would reach into my pocket and discover I had no coins, so I would reply, Um--heh heh heh. No. Sorry. Ha! Guess not. I made these noises without thinking. Every single time, the clerk would just stare at me stoically. It had never before occurred to me how often I reflexively laugh; only in the absence of a response did I realize I was laughing for no reason whatsoever. It somehow felt comfortable. Now that I’m back in the U.S., I notice this all the time: People half-heartedly chuckle throughout most casual conversations, regardless of the topic. It’s a modern extension of the verbalized pause, built by TV laugh tracks. Everyone in America has three laughs: a real laugh, a fake real laugh, and a filler laugh they use during impersonal conversations. We have been trained to connect conversation with soft, interstitial laughter. It’s our way of showing the other person that we understand the context of the interaction, even when we don’t. (Chuck Klosterman, Eating the Dinosaur. Scribner, 2009) Victor Borges Phonetic Punctuation [T]his punctuation effect is not nearly as strong as Provine has stated above. But his usage points out the possibility of other intrusions as well into spoken discourse, e.g., as in a statement such as The church bell just outside the window punctuated the pauses in their conversation. For the most part, however, punctuation remains part of the silent world of the written. The only exception to this that we know of is the extraordinarily idiosyncratic system of oral punctuation for spoken discourse devised by the comedian/pianist Victor Borge (1990), his so-called Phonetic Punctuation. His facetious explanation was that his system would prevent the frequent misunderstandings in oral conversations. He used brief vocalized sounds as intrusions into the speech stream for each of the types of punctuation as he read aloud. The effect was a cacophonous and unusually humorous chain of sounds that truly intruded upon the stream of spoken discourse and hacked it into small pieces. The extrao rdinary redundancy had the effect of reducing the message itself to background noise--for the sake of the humorous. And in the course of time, this presentation has become one of Borges most popular routines. (Daniel C. OConnell and Sabine Kowal, Communicating with One Another: Toward a Psychology of Spontaneous Spoken Discourse. Springer, 2008) Each of the pause markers we customarily use--commas, periods, dashes, ellipsis, exclamation points, question marks, parentheses, colons, and semicolons--suggests a different kind of beat. Victor Borge built a career on illustrating the differences among them with a comedy routine he called phonetic punctuation. As he spoke, hed sound out the punctuation marks we usually glide over silently. A period was a loud thwok, an exclamation mark was a descending squeak followed by a thwok, and so on.Maybe you had to be there. But from a writers point of view, Borge made an important point. Try following his lead and sound out each punctuation mark in your mind. Periods create the sharp, crisp break of a karate chop. Commas suggest the smoother rise and fall of a speed bump. Semicolons hesitate for a second and then flow forward. Dashes call a sudden halt. Ellipses ooze along like spilled honey. (Jack R. Hart, A Writers Coach: The Complete Guide to Writing Strategies That Work. Anchor Books, 2007)

Nature Vs. Nurture And Issues That People Pass Thought...

In the movie directed by Tyler Perry there is a story that begins in an elegant weeding for Alice’s daughter named Andrea. Charlotte a wealthy woman organized the weeding because of her friendship with Alice. In reality, the problem begins at this point because Andrea was complaining about how she looks, for her the dress of her mother didn’t have any special meaning. She wanted to have an elegant and expensive dress. She was an ungrateful and selfish person because at this point she looks ambitious. She wanted to have more than the love of a family, the people in your life that will be always there for you. In addition, some of the issues show in this movie are infidelity, poverty, unemployment, deception, and the disease of Alzheimer. Consequently, I believe that nature vs. nurture and issues that people pass thought affects how people are. Primary, nature refers to all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence why we are the way we are from our physical appe arance to our personality characteristics. For example, the characteristics that people have like, eyes color; hair color, skin color and height are some factors that form the personality of each individual. In others words, that sometimes people feel special when they have something different such as eyes color. In addition, being kind is another nature factor that influences the personality of every person. For instance, in the movie â€Å"The family that preys together† Charlotte shows kindness with her friendShow MoreRelatedNature Vs. Nurture Debate2114 Words   |  9 PagesNature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, some of which are athletics, intelligence, medical histories, etc. Every person is completelyRead MoreThe Basics Of Personality Theory2545 Words   |  11 Pagespersons’ personality as, â€Å"the set of emotional qualities, ways of behaving, etc., that makes a person different from other people.† Now, putting those two concepts together, this paper will discuss personality theory. There are six major ideas that make up the basics of personality theory. The six major ideas that make up the basics of personality theory are, nature versus nurture, the unconscious, view of self, development, motivation, and maturation. These six ideas can also be categorized into twoRead MoreLifespan Development : Cognitive, And Personal And Social Development1717 Words   |  7 Pagestoddlerhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood and death. There are several key issues in Lifespan Psychology which are centered on these following factors which are; cultural factors, continuous vs discontinuous change, critical periods vs sensitive periods, lifespan approach vs particular periods approach, nature vs nurture. The major theoretical perspectives in Lifespan Psychology is termed a broad, organized explanation and prediction concerning phenomenaRead MoreThe Nature Nurture Controversy : 20th Century Present3499 Words   |  14 Pages History of the Nature-Nurture Controversy: 20th Century-Present Mary Truong University of Regina The nature-nurture controversy is an age-old dispute that has been debated since at least the time of Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E). According to the nature stance, who we are as individuals, that is, our physical characteristics, personality, intelligence, and how we behave, is biologically inherited, now known through our genetics. Hippocrates for instance, posited that humanRead MoreEssay about Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection and Social Darwinism2627 Words   |  11 Pageshas heard of Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution. Since the publishing of his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859, Darwin’s ideas have been debated by everyone from scientists to theologians to ordinary lay-people. Today, though there is still severe opposition, evolution is regarded as fact by most of the scientific community and Darwin’s book remains one of the most influential ever written. Its influence has even extended into realms otherRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pagesmultiple-choice or true-false style, but they are a good sampling of questions that will be worked into those styles for the examination. If you can answer these questions, you should be well-prepared for the examination. To give you an idea about how they will be changed into multiple-choice or true-false format, a few sample questions are provided. The test will consist of about 75 questions, so obviously they will represent a sampling of those listed in this Guide. Note that many of theRead MoreMental Health And Its Effects On Health5556 Words   |  23 Pagesdiagnosed with a mental illness, it is important to remember that they are not their disorder and that their disorder is a separate entity from themselves. If we believe in in the myth that human biology is unchanging then we fail to believe that people with mental illness can overcome their disorder. Unfortunately as history shows, it was once believed that human biology was unchanging and therefore those diagnosed with a mental illness could not be helped so social workers or psychiatrists wouldRead Moreis poverty the main factor affect crime5090 Words   |  21 Pagesand poverty is the state of being extremely poor and being without things, having little money, not many material possessions and the need of essential goods. Being poor means people have nothing and struggle to survive every day. Some sociologist have suggest that being tortured with poverty after a while leads to evil t houghts and the struggle of being in the poverty cycle committing crimes gradually becomes a new way of them wanting to break out of the poverty cycle some say there a high correlationRead MoreThis is an chapter by chapter summary of the book Becoming Attached, did it for extra credit11157 Words   |  45 PagesChapter 1: Mother-Love: Worst-Case Scenarios The human need to have our mother near is the theory that is expressed in chapter one. Chapter one goes through a time line of how we, as humans, came across this theory. The author tends to talk about and describe how as babies the basic need to have mother around is just as important as having food, water, and clean diapers. The author gives examples of children who were adopted after infancy and children whom had to spend significant amounts of timeRead MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 PagesPsychologists study emotions and mental processes. _____ Psychology and common sense lead to the same conclusions about behavior and mental processes. _____ Psychology is not a science. Objective I.2 Define the scientific method, and explain how it is used in psychology? Psychologists use the scientific method to evaluate competing ideas; find relationship of variables by collecting data |Margin Learning Question(s) (if applicable)

Comparison of Baroque and Rococo Styles - 1561 Words

HUM – 121 March 5, 2012 Comparison of Baroque and Rococo styles Introduction Premises and characteristics of Baroque Caravaggios Amor Victorious Emergence of Rococo Bouchers Nude on a Sofa Comparison of Baroque and Rococo styles Bibliography There have been different artistic peaks throughout the history of humanity influenced by specific social, political or religious situations of the time. Those peaks shaped by certain styles had an important impact on art as we know it today. One of the most recognized styles of art of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe were Baroque and Rococo styles.†¦show more content†¦After Louis XIV died in the year 1715 the social situation in France somewhat change. Political life and private morals relaxes as five years old Louis XV comes to throne. Many aristocrats move from the court of Versailles to Paris. Reaction against the formal style centered at Louis XIV Versailles provide basis for a new style to develop. Baroque designs that were in style before, gave way to lighter elements with more natural patterns. Rococo reflected the new taste for more delicate decoration for smaller, more comfortable interiors of town houses in Paris. First as interior decoration and d esign Rococo style would later expand and influence the other parts of art. It also spread around the Europe but its acceptance was tied to religion and class. First, Rococo style appears in interior decoration and design. It took pleasure in asymmetry by leaving elements unbalanced. Design elements as ornaments, leaves, flowers and curving lines were used to decorate the walls and ceilings and would made them look like fleeting illusions. That taste was new to European style. Though Rococo originated in the decorative arts, the style showed clearly in painting. Painters used delicate colors and curving forms, decorating their works with myths of love. The soft colors and elegant forms, provided a perfect accompaniment to the Rococo interiors for which they were intended. The asymmetrical compositions, pastoral landscapes and aristocracy inShow MoreRelatedPà ©rola Barroca the Imperfect Art : Baroque Essay813 Words   |  4 Pages‘pà ©rola Barroca’ , this word means Art works of Baroque which is came from Portuguese. In English, pà ©rola Barroca means distorted pearl. Although, the name of Baroque’s origin is not uncertain, people who lived in late 17c to early 18c might named for Baroque Arts pà ©rola Barroca for its imperfection and roughness. The age of late 17c to early 18c was very chaotic and contradictory society. Absolute Monarch and Revolutions for free and right were co-existed. In most countries, Absolute Monarch wasRead MoreGertrude Stein By Pablo Picasso And The Toilet Of Venus898 Words   |  4 Pagescontrast to the brightly colored image provided by Boucher of Madame de Pompadour. 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Character Analysis Abigail Kirk Beatie Bow free essay sample

Abigail Kirk This character is Abigail Kirk, who is the protagonist of the story. For the first ten years her life, she was Lynette Kirk, â€Å"happy as a lark†, and â€Å"hot-headed rag of a child†. She â€Å"vibrated with devotion† for many things, and was wrapped around her father’s fingers until he left her and her mother, Kathy, for another woman. She then stopped answering to Lynette, or any of the nicknames that reminded her of the betrayal that she suffered. One day, just to spite her grandmother, who incidentally has a spooky habit of speaking to her perm, and whom she shares an unspoken agreement to hate each other, she decided she wanted to adopt a name that was associated with witches, thus Lynette became Abigail, â€Å" from now on I’m Abigail Kirk and as soon as I am old enough, I will change the Kirk too†. Abigail is a private child, a reserved girl, keeping everyone at arm’s length. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis Abigail Kirk Beatie Bow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She is considered an outsider, and she didn’t care for friends. She was hurt after her father’s betrayal, and started pushing everyone away for fear of being hurt again. â€Å"She carefully laid false trails into her secret heart†, â€Å"yet when she grows older, she longs for someone to laugh at the false trails with†. Even though she hates her father, she still loves him. She misunderstands her parents’ situation, being only fourteen, and holds a grudge against her mother for going back to her father and agreeing to move to Norway, â€Å"he whistles and she goes back like a well trained dog†. Abigail is close to Natalie as she reminds Abigail a little of what she used to be when she was younger. She is protective of Natalie, who adores Vincent without restraint, therefore allowing her to be hurt by him. Beatie and Abigail have a love-hate relationship due to Abigail blaming Beatie for bringing her to the 18th century Sydney, and Beatie’s refusal to help Abigail get home, and Abigail threatening to tell Granny that Beatie has the gift. Abigail dislikes her Grandmother, who wears glittery scarves and high heels, who picks on Abigail on every opportunity, and bullies Kathy. Apparently, Grandmother also used to pick on Weyland Kirk, Abigail’s father, and talks to her perm. Abigail is portrayed as a fourteen year old girl for most of the story, who keeps everyone away for fear of being hurt, and conceals her heart beneath a layer of impenetrable ice. She doesn’t understand the true meaning of love, and she has, according to her, â€Å"missed her mother’s winning quaintness, and her father’s ash blond distinction. † She despairs of her figure ever arriving, â€Å"she is as thin and flat as a board† with a narrow brown face, and coffee black eyes.

All About Like

All About Like All About Like All About Like By Mark Nichol Like is one of the most versatile of words, with senses encompassing multiple parts of speech. Here’s a review of its various meanings and uses. As a verb, like means â€Å"enjoy,† â€Å"feel affection for,† â€Å"regard favorably,† â€Å"thrive in,† or â€Å"wish to have.† It can also mean â€Å"approve† or â€Å"prefer.† The noun like refers to preference or something that one likes. In recent years, it has acquired the sense of â€Å"an acknowledgment given online in approval of content another person has posted.† The word appears as a noun in idiomatic phrases such as those in â€Å"We haven’t seen the likes of him for a long time† (meaning â€Å"Someone resembling him hasn’t been seen for a long time†) and â€Å"She’s partial to lavender and the like† (meaning â€Å"She’s partial to lavender and things that are similar to it†). As an adjective, like means â€Å"possessing the same or similar characteristics or qualities,† as in â€Å"They finally admitted that they did not have enough like interests to sustain a relationship.† As a suffix, it has an adjectival function. Treatment depends on what precedes it. Most words with the suffix are closed, with no hyphenation, as in â€Å"birdlike movements.† However, if the base word ends with l (â€Å"the cell-like room†) or is a proper noun (â€Å"a Christ-like bearing†), employ a hyphen. The adverb like, stands in for approximately or nearly, as in â€Å"It was more like a dark orange than a pale red.† When informally referring to measurements, the adverb is sometimes used interjectionally: â€Å"It was, like, as long as my arm† or â€Å"He seems to come around every few years, like.† Similarly, it is parenthetically employed in conversational English for emphasis (â€Å"I was, like, astonished†) or, paradoxically, to suggest an offhandedness (â€Å"They were, like, hoping somebody would offer them a ride†). Casually, it can also mean probably, as in â€Å"I’ll be there in time, like enough.† The preposition like means â€Å"comparable,† â€Å"similar,† or â€Å"typical†; that’s the part of speech that is essential in a simile such as â€Å"The grass, ruffled by the wind, looked like a rolling wave.† As a conjunction, like means â€Å"the same as† or appears in place of â€Å"as if† (â€Å"She looked like she was about to cry†). Informally, it is employed similarly to the casual adverb to introduce a quotation, paraphrase, or thought (â€Å"He’s like ‘Don’t even think about leaving now’†) or, following it’s, to express a widely held opinion (â€Å"It’s like, it’s not going to make any difference.†) As a preposition, like is often considered inferior to or even improper as a substitute for â€Å"such as,† but as with some other supposedly undesirable usages, this is acceptable in even formal prose. The adjective like derives from the Old English term gelic, meaning â€Å"similar.† Most of the other parts of speech derived from this usage, but the verb stems from lician, which means â€Å"please† or â€Å"be pleasing or sufficient†; the connection is perhaps that to be sufficient is to be suitable, which is to be similar. Words based on the root like include the following: alike: similar likeable: agreeable likelihood: probability likely: seeming to be right, suitable, or true, or very probable; also, promising or attractive liken: compare likeness: similarity likes: preferences likewise: in the same manner liking: the action or feeling of enjoying a person, place, or thing Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Punctuation Is Powerful

Validity of interview and personality assessment

Validity of interview and personality assessment Free Online Research Papers The management of human resources has become one of the major challenges of companies. The choice of appropriate selection methods is crucial, mainly as errors in the recruitment process are costly to the companies. The only way to be effective in managing human resources is to use selection methods whose reliability has been proven scientifically. It is not enough to feel a selection method is appropriate for her to be in reality. Certainly, we can consider this insight as a first indication, but not give it great importance, and be especially careful not to turn it into a true belief. In this perspective, the experimental verification of any assessment method is the only rational way that can confirm or deny the validity of an evaluation method. Given the impressive amount of selection methods, each of which claims to be the most effective it is not easy to make a choice. This is especially true; in general, HR professionals do not know the most relevant selection method that they can use. Must we choose, for example, an evaluation method based on its reputation or frequency of use? In this perspective, is a selection method which is known or widely used relevant? What are they really able to predict and to what extent? The purpose of this research is to advise on the effectiveness of selection interviews and personality assessment in decisions related to prediction of job performance. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of the selection process is to select the best applicant from the applicant pool that will perform well in the job. Thus predictability of job performance of the applicant is an essential component of selection thus various measurement tools are used to assess the possibilities of successful candidates, selection interviews, and personality assessment are amongst the widely used. But to safely use a performance predictor method, it is essential that it should have specific scientific references to guarantee maximum efficiency. These benchmarks will verify if the method used measures what it purports to measure. Also it is worthy to note that for selection interviews and personality assessment to be effective job performance predictors they should posses certain essential qualities, and should be used in respect of certain rules and under certain conditions. THE SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS THAT GUARANTEE THE VALIDITY OF ASSESSMENT METHODS AS JOB PERFORMANCE PREDICTORS. As aforementioned it for selection any selection method to play its role of job performance predictor, there should be certain scientific benchmarks that verify if the measure actually measures what it purports to and the measure should be used under certain conditions following a given procedure. Essential qualities of job performance predictors The first criterion concerns the psychometric qualities which are three in number namely; reliability, utility or variability and validity. Reliability is the first of the qualities any job performance predictor should posses. Reliability is obtained when a procedure applied twice to the same subjects gives practically equivalent results.There are three methods to evaluate the reliability of a test, all three based on a correlation study. The first is the method of test-retest, the second is called the uniformity and the third is the method of equivalence The utility or variability of a method of assessment is an essential quality which will help to classify subjects thus discriminating. In other words, the method used should allow drawing a clear cut distinction between subjects that take the assessment on the measure it purports to measure. It is essential that the procedure is neither too difficult nor too easy and it is especially adapted to the population in question. Finally, validity is the last quality that must possess an assessment method. This will be valid if it really brings the expected information necessary for decision making. There are three types of validity: Content validity; which raises the question of whether, the content of the assessment method is the content area of this method is suppose to measure. -Construct validity that will legitimize the value of the tool, it will check if the tool actually develops measures for the phenomenon it is supposed to measure. Predictive validity assesses whether the test can predict behaviour in a work situation. The second criterion is sampling and calibration. Sampling is to determine a population sample on which the assessment method will be calibrated. This is in accordance with the objective of the test and candidates to which it will be applied, the selected sample will be representative of the population as a whole or a specified portion of the population according to age, sex, level of education or function. Benchmarking, meanwhile, is a process to have standards against which to compare issues between them. On the other hand, a reliable method of assessment which can be used by professional safely must necessarily provide reliable reference standards that can allow a single subject to be compared to a group. It is essential that the calibration groups are sufficiently important and most representative. Indeed, the validity of an interpretation depends exclusively on the quality of sampling and representativeness of standards. If these various requirements are not met, it is likely that the valuation method used does not have any guarantee for its user. Terms of use and conditions of administration of job performance predictors The relevance of a job performance predictor requires that we focus on the conditions of use and administration. With these conditions, two concepts are fundamental. The first concerns the standardization and the second concerns the actors who are responsible for their implementation. The standardization of a situation must allow comparison between subjects respecting a number of parameters such as: The psychological conditions of the candidates (reassure the candidates); Compliance level instructions (the transmission must be the same for each candidate); -Compliance with environmental conditions (the environment must be the same and most appropriate for each candidate), the full standardization of a situation does not exist and the only ambition is to approach it. It is not enough that the tools meet scientific requirements, nor that there exist standardized situations. It also requires that the assessment methods are chosen carefully and used in conditions where professionalism and ethics should prevail. THE VALIDITY AND UTILITY OF THE SELECTION INTERVIEW AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT This section is devoted to the level of validity of the main methods of assessment used in a context of professional prognosis. These data are derived from a synthesis of scientific literature on the subject. The selection interview The interview as a job performance predictor has always occupied the first place. But according to numerous studies, it is not a technique as reliable as one might think. However, the interview as a job performance predictor tool is absolutely essential but it might be wiser to give it less weight in decision making. The majority of work indicates that the traditional interview (unstructured, semi-structured interview and direct interviews) has low reliability, poor validity and unlike structured and situational interviews, which are conceived after propal job analysis have stronger reliability and validity. The low relevance of the traditional interview is simple to understand and, for a number of reasons. On the one hand, the lack of interview guide contributes to increase the difficulty of asking the same questions to each candidate. On the other hand, the situations are not standardized and therefore it is quite possible that the change of environment in which each candidate takes the interview, may distort the content of the interview. In addition, to the contrast effect do not forget that in reality, consultants or hiring managers rarely perform interviews in a single day. According to multiple studies, it appears that there is a contrast effect that indicates at least part of the assessment of the interviewee would be due to the quality of interviewees who immediately proceeded. What may seem surprising is the preponderance of traditional interview as a job performance predictor and selection method while its reliability is low. Despite this finding, the aim is not to abandon maintenance on the contrary, but make sure to increase its reliability and validity. By conducting a job analysis of the position in order to develop a guide that might help to ask only questions related to the position vacant. The reliability of the interview will be even better. The validity can be improved by training the interviewers through seminars, on interview techniques. Knowing the shortcomings of an interview, but also be able to better combat them. Personality assessment Personality assessment includes all tests using the cognitive and affective aspects of personality. There are two types of personality assessments used in selection: the personality questionnaires and projective tests. While personality tests and projective techniques assess personality, these two methods are fundamentally different. Thus, if the projective tests part of a comprehensive approach to personality, personality tests are part of a much more analytical approach, which decomposes the personality traits such as Extraversion, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience which is a five factor model widely accepted taxonomy of personality(Rothstein Goffin,2006). Murphy (2000) has provided an analysis of the key issues to consider justifying making inferences from meta-analyses for research or personnel selection. These issues are (a) the quality of the data base and the quality of the primary studies it contains; (b) whether the studies included in the meta-analysis are representative of the population of potential applications of the predictor; (c) whether a particular test being considered for use is a member of the population of instruments examined in the meta-analysis; and (d) whether the situation intended for use is similar to the situations sampled in the meta-analysis Barrick and Mount found that the estimated true correlation between FFM dimensions of personality and performance across both occupational groups and criterion types ranged from .04 for Openness to Experience to .22 for Conscientiousness. Although correlations in this range may seem relatively modest, nevertheless these results provided a more optimistic view of the potential of personality for predicting job performance and this study had an enormous impact on researchers and practitioners (Mount Barrick,1998; Murphy,1997, 2000). In addition, there is a continuing debate on whether or not such â€Å"broad† personality dimensions are more or less effective than narrow (i.e., specific traits) personality measures for predicting job performance (see below for a review of this ongoing debate). Once again, it is not possible to review in this context all the controversies and debate surrounding how well the FFM represents the structure of personality. However, for researchers and practitioners interested in the use of personality measures in personnel selection, it is important to recognize that there is more to personality than the FFM. The choice of personality measure to use in a selection context should consider a number of factors, not the least of which is the development of a predictive hypothesis on the relations expected between the personality measure and the performance criterion of interest (Rothstein Jelley, 2003). Two other issues made salient by the contribution of meta-analytic studies to understanding personality–job performance research concern the importance of acknowledging the bidirectional nature of much more potential personality – job performance relations, and appreciating the potential role of moderators between personality and performance criteria. The projective methods based on the notion of perceptual mechanism and consist of a set of tests that will help from a more or less structured material an emotional release, a projection of the personality of the subject in the test. These techniques allow a holistic evaluation i.e. the overall personality, which is regarded as a dynamic evolving. Mastery of these methods requires a long training which usually lasts several years after a complete course in psychology In summary, despite the controversy surrounding the meta-analysis and the FFM, the weight of the meta-analysis evidence clearly leads to the conclusion that the measures of personality may be a significant contributor to the prediction of job performance. The impact of these meta-analysis has opposed the earlier findings of Guion and Gottier (1965) and put the personality back into research and practice. In the decade or more since these meta-analysis began to be published research of personality and job performance has continued, creating a wealth of understanding and implications for the use of personality measures in personnel selection. We review the important future trends in this research, with particular emphasis on implications for research and practice in human resource management. Although criticism of the FFM continues, many researchers have accepted it as a reasonable taxonomy of personality characteristics and moved beyond the basic question of whether personality predicts job performance to examine more specific applications (Rothstein Jelley, 2003). Simmering, Colquitt, Noe, and Porter (2003) determined that Conscientiousness was positively related to employee development, but only when employees felt that the degree of autonomy in their jobs did not fit their needs. The importance of a confirmatory research strategy was reinforced by Nikolaou (2003) who reported that although FFM dimensions were not generally related to overall job performance, Agreeableness were related to performance involving interpersonal skills. Hochwarter, Witt, and Kacmar (2000) determined that Conscientiousness was related to performance when employees perceived high levels of organizational politics, but no relations were found among employees perceiving low levels of organizational politics. Witt, 2002), Extraversion was related to job performance when employees were also high in Conscientiousness, but with employees low in Conscientiousness, Extraversion was negatively related to performance. As Rothstein and Jelly (2003) have argued, personality measures are relatively more situationally specific, compared with a measure of general mental ability. This makes the use of validity generalization principles to justify the use of a personality measure in selection more challenging because there may be numerous situational moderators as the above research illustrates. For human resource researchers and practitioners in personnel selection, the key is careful alignment of personality and performance criteria as well as consideration of other potential contextual factors related to the job or organization. Another potential interpretation of the relatively low correlations typically found between personality measures and job performance criteria, in addition to unknown or unmeasured moderator effects, is that personality may only have indirect effects on performance and that there may be stronger relations with mediator variables that in turn are more strongly related to job performance (Rothstein Jelley, 2003). The logic of this proposition is based on the generally accepted definition of personality as a predisposition to certain types of behavior. Accordingly, if this behavior could be measured directly, such measures may mediate relations between personality and job performance. Only a small number of research studies have been conducted over the past decade, but results support the existence of mediator effects. Collectively these studies illustrate once again that a confirmatory research strategy provides valuable insights to the nature of personality–job performance relations. Such strategies contribute to more comprehensive predictive models and better understanding of how personality affects job performance directly and indirectly. Although relatively few studies of mediator effects have been reported in the literature thus far, existing research indicates that both research and practice in personnel selection would benefit from such studies. Discovering indirect effects of personality on job performance through mediator variables may also help to understand why so many personality–job performance relations are situationally specific which in turn would lead to more effective personnel selection practices. Although repeated meta-analyses have supported the conclusion that personality predicts job performance (Barrick Mount,2003), from the perspective of human resource researchers and practitioners an important question remaining is to what degree is this prediction incremental in validity and value over other personnel selection techniques. Judge, Bono, Ilies, and Gerhardt (2002) determined that Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness were all related to leadership criteria (leader emergence and leader effectiveness) with Extraversion being the most consistent predictor across studies. Research Papers on Validity of interview and personality assessmentIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized TestingOpen Architechture a white paperThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseDefinition of Export Quotas

History of planning and urban design in 20th century Essay

History of planning and urban design in 20th century - Essay Example Why I chose architecture and planning? I cannot give a simple answer for that. Maybe it was because since childhood I have liked painting and construction and have yearned to create things on my own. It seems that architecture and planning can satisfy my imagination in terms of space, creativity, and colour.After my five years of study in the Department of Architecture and Planning and three years’ work experience, I asked myself this same question. The result is that Part of the above factors as well I realized that architecture and planning have an intrinsic appeal for me and that they are not only an art, but also more importantly a kind of technology. I studied architecture and town planning together as I have never thought of them as separate jobs. They are merely two sides of a same coin, the difference being mostly in the scale of the work. As part of my university degree I completed courses in different aspects of architecture and planning such as history of architectu re and urban development, urban transportation planning, urban and landscape infrastructure and services, city planning process. I found these subjects very interesting.   After my graduation I worked as a planning engineer with the Ministry of Transport. The work experience I gained during that period helped to strength my specialization, improve my research skills, integrate my knowledge, and build my leadership skills. As part of my professional development I took additional training courses in various areas such as transportation planning, traffic engineering and scientific research.... The garden city concept combined the town and the country in order to provide the working class an alternative to working on farms or 'crowded, unhealthy cities'. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained, communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture (2). Letchworth was the first garden city, in the UK in 1903, followed by Welwyn in 1919. These were small in size, providing for a few thousand residents. In Australia, the suburb of Colonel Light Gardens in Adelaide, South Australia, was designed according to garden city principles. So too was the town of Sunshine, which is now a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. New towns throughout the world were modeled after these garden cities. This theory was an attempt to improve the appearance of cities and streets by means of architectural and spatial effects. (3)   In 1920 the ideas of modernity began to appear by designer Le Corbusier brought more mod ern ideas and new methods of building and introduced the skyscraper. The main idea was to combine residential home designs with the feel of the city. This was also a way to use modern technologies to eliminate congestion and chaos that was experienced by small cities. This was achieved by and changing the streets to highways and constructing towers set within the gardens. Theories suggest that the center of a great city should consist mainly of skyscrapers – exclusively for commercial use – and these groups of skyscrapers should be set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces. A huge transportation hub sits in the center and includes depots for buses and trains, as well as the highway intersections. This plan segregated pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways and

Essay about Karma Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About Karma - Essay Example Nowadays, some people believe in karma, some don’t but I think the principle of karma is very fair and makes sense. Imagine how great it would be if all our actions and thoughts would influence our karma and then our life. It would certainly make the world a better place. I don’t know for sure, just as nobody else, if karma exists but I’d like to think it does. Let’s have a look at how it works in real life. There was this hockey game, Chicago was playing against Colorado. During the game one of the players wanted to hit the puck but missed and accidentally hit a player. The player got injured in the nose and as he was leaving the ice to get some help, one of the fans started making fun of his injury and calling him names. The player didn’t say anything and just left the rink. Several minutes after that one of the players did a bad hit on the puck and it accidentally flew over the glass fence that separates the spectators from players and hit one of the fans on the head. The funniest thing is that it was the same guy who was making fun of the player several minutes before that. The player then approached the fan and told him something. The fan probably learnt this lesson as he was laughing at himself at the end of the game. Some people might say that it was an accident and that these two injuries have no connection between them but I think that this situation shows us that being mean to people around you might in the end have negative effect on you. After all when you start thinking about it there is a lot of real life examples that prove this point, there is even a saying from the Bible that those you come with the sword will be killed with the same sword. What goes around comes around. You can call it karma or any other word you like but there is a system of justice in the world and sooner or later everyone gets what he deserves. That is why you should be good and kind with other people if you

Quality management systems

Quality management systems INTRODUCTION This chapter reviews and peruses various quality management systems (QMS) and other literature work in the area of research. It will try to inquire into the view points and thoughts of scholars and academicians in relation to the field of study. It will also give an overview of Information Systems (IS). Quality and QMS Defined Quality is defined by ISO 9000 series as the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements. In other words, quality can be regarded as fitness for purpose or conformance to users expectations since the user determines whether a product is of the desired quality. (Ghana Standards Board, International Trade Centre, P 109) The quality of goods and services results from many interrelated activities. These activities need to be coordinated through a Quality Management System. As indicated by John Ruskin, â€Å"Quality is never an accident; it is always the result of intelligent effort. In order to survive in todays competitive marketplace, an organization has to consistently satisfy its customers needs and anticipate their future needs. This can be achieved by providing customers with the products they want, â€Å"getting it right first time†, without the need for rework. To satisfy customers, one must go higher along the production chain, right up to the suppliers not forgetting employee morale and commitment. Suppliers provide the raw materials or products for further processing by employees; if suppliers and employees do what is expected of them, â€Å"getting it right first time,† customers will be satisfied. As defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO): TQM is a management approach for an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and to society. (ISO 8402:1994) A quality management system in the enterprise, based on prevention rather than cure, minimizes waste and rework by ensuring that products are made right first time and every time. In adopting a preventive approach by investing in plants and equipment, training staff and purchasing the appropriate raw materials/inputs, an organization can reduce inspection cost and more specifically, the costs of failure and/or delays. These costs arise from rework or discarding non-conforming in-process material and finished products. Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Management (QM) Models The publication of the ISO 9000 series of standards in 1987 heightened awareness of the benefits of QA requirements among SMEs, many of which implemented ISO 9000 QA models to improve their competitive position as well as to join the ranks of suppliers to large companies. While both the 1987 and 1994 versions of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 were based on a QA model, the revised standard (ISO 9001) published in 2000 is based on QM principles (Ghana Standards Board, Export quality management, 2009) The broad relationships between inspection, quality control, quality assurance and quality management are summarized in the table below. System Objective Activities Applicability Nature Inspection Product conformance by screening out conforming products from nonconforming products Visual checks/ measuring; then testing and reporting the results. Generally, Production-related activities, such as checking incoming goods, in-process or final product, pre-dispatch, etc Detection after the event. Quality control Product Conformance by Eliminating causes of nonconforming products Inspection followed by appraisal of results and feedback to the process being controlled As above Detection and-or off-line correction. Quality assurance Generating confidence in product conformance Comprises all QC activities, plus documented quality systems and quality audits All functions of the company from design to after-sales service. Prevention. Quality Management Continual improvement of product conformance Continual improvement of processes in addition to all QA activities As above Prevention and improvement. What are the ISO 9000 series of Standards The ISO 9000 series consist of four primary standards supported by several other documents. The four primary standards are ISO 9000, Quality management systems Fundamentals and vocabulary; ISO 9001, Quality management systems Requirements; ISO 9004, Quality management systems Guidelines for performance improvements ISO 19011, Guidelines on quality and/or environmental management auditing. ISO 9000 is a starting point for understanding the standard, as it defines the fundamental terms used in the ISO 9000 family or set of standards for quality management. ISO 9001 specifies the requirements for quality management systems which enable you to demonstrate your ability to provide products that fulfil customer and applicable regulatory requirements; it also aims to enhance customer satisfaction. ISO 9004 provides you with guidance on the continual improvement of your quality management system so that the needs and expectations of all interested parties are met. These interested parties include customers and end-users, directors and staff in the organisation, owners and investors, suppliers and partners, and society at large. ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 are consistent pair of standards that relate modern quality management to processes and activities of an organization, and emphasize the promotion of continual improvement and the achievement of customer satisfaction. ISO 9001, which focuses on the effectiveness of the quality management system in meeting customer requirements, is used for certification or for contractual agreements between suppliers and buyers. By contrast, ISO 9004 cannot be used for certification as it does not prescribe requirements but provides guidance for the continual improvement of an organisations performance. ISO 9001 focuses on effectiveness, i.e. doing the right thing in the right way. The ISO 9000 quality management system is generic in nature: it is applicable to both the manufacturing and services sectors, and to enterprises of all sizes, including the single entrepreneur. ISO 9001 specifies what an enterprise is required to do, but it does not indicate how this is to be done thus giving the enterprise much flexibility in running its business. (Crosby, 1992) Worldwide use of ISO 9000 The ISO 9000 standards are widely used around the world. A survey conducted by ISO indicated that at least 4008,631 ISO certificates were awarded in 158 countries in 2000, up by 64, 988 certificates over the figure for end of December 1999, when the total stood at 343,643 for 150 countries. The figures were also significantly higher than the 27,816 certificates issued in 48 countries by 31st January 1993, when the survey was first conducted. The number of certificates issued in Europe in 2000 was 220,127 or 53% of the total. The Far East had 20.05%, North America 11.82%, New Zealand and Australia 6.68%, Africa and West Asia 4.94%, and Central and South America 2.64%. Information on the sector covered by the certificates at the end of 2000 was obtained for 317,126 certificates. The highest number recorded was for basic metal products (40,713 certificates or 12.84% of the total), and the smallest number for nuclear fuel (115, 0.03%) The figures for various other sectors are as follows: electrical and optical equipment, 38,148 (12.0%); food products, beverages and tobacco, 11,440 (3.6%); information technology, 11,067 (3.5%); textiles and textile products, 5, 178 (1.6%); and hotels and restaurants, 1,187 (0.4%) Is quality management an issue only for management? A glance at the definition of quality Management-â€Å"coordinated activities to direct and control an organisation with regard to quality† gives an impression that it is an issue for management only. This impression is reinforced by the fact that the eight quality management principles that form the basis of the ISO 9000 series are all used by senior management as a framework for guiding the organisation towards improved performance. The eight management principles are: Principle 1 Customer focus Principle 2 Leadership, Principle 3 Involvement of people Principle 4 Process approach Principle 5 System approach Principle 6 Continual improvement, Principle 7 Factual approach to decision-making, and Principle 8 Mutually beneficial supplier relationships Herbert Simon argued years ago that the core of managing lies in decision making, which is best thought of as process comprising three phases: Finding occasions for making decisions, Finding possible courses of action, and Choosing among courses of action Looking at the quality management principles again, but from Simons point of view, one finds that some of them provide workers with ample scope for making decisions that influence quality. It would appear that the principles related to customer focus, leadership, system approach to management, and development of mutually beneficial supplier relationships are issues for management only. The other principles apply to employees at all levels in the organisation. Employees accept ownership of problems and their responsibility for solving them. The process approach is applicable to everyone, each person having a triple role (i.e. everyone in an organisation is seen as a customer, processor and a supplier). Continual improvement is within the reach of employees at all levels as they can be trained in the methods of continual improvement and the tools involve. Everyone can base his or her decision on accurate and reliable data, this being made available wherever decisions have to be taken. If everyone looks at quality management as managing of quality, then quality management is within the decision-making scope of both managers and workers. There is a Japanese rule that attributes quality problems to poor product design (40%), errors made during the manufacturing process (30%), and nonconforming materials purchased from suppliers (30%). Generally design and purchasing problems can be solved only through managerial intervention. One can say that quality problems in manufacturing are caused in equal proportion by managers (e.g. inadequate training of workers) and workers (e.g. inadequate attention to machine setting). One can conclude that 85% of the problems come under management control and 15% are under worker control. This ratio of 85:15 has been substantially documented in the literature of quality management. Only 15% of defective products can be attributed to production operators while the other 85% are caused by management. System problems like inadequate maintenance of equipment and faulty raw materials/components can be resolved only by top management. Quality management is regarded in ISO 9000 as comprising four elements: Quality planning, Quality control, Quality assurance and Quality improvement While all four elements are within the purview of management, workers are directly responsible for quality control conducted at the operational level. It should be noted that workers could also contribute to quality improvement if they have been trained in simple problem-solving techniques. FOOD SAFETY QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Food safety is related to the presence of food-borne hazards in food at the point of consumption, (intake by the consumer). As the introduction of food safety hazards can occur at any stage of the food chain, adequate control throughout the food chain is essential. Thus food safety is ensured through the combined efforts of all the parties participating in the food chain. The following are generally recognised key elements to ensure food safety along the food chain, up to the point of final consumption: Interactive communication; System Management; Prerequisite programmes; HACCP principles Communication along the food chain is essential to ensure that all relevant food safety hazards are identified and adequately controlled at each step within the food chain. This implies communication between organizations both upstream and downstream in the food chain. Communication with customers and suppliers about identified hazards and control measures will assist in clarifying customer and supplier requirements (e.g. with regard to the feasibility and need for these requirements and their impact on the end product). Recognition of the organisations role and position within the food chain is essential to ensure effective interactive communication throughout the chain in order to deliver safe food products to the final consumer. The most effective food safety systems are established, operated and updated within the framework of a structured system and incorporated into the overall management activities of the organization. This provides maximum benefit for the organisation and interested parties. ISO 22000:2005 has been aligned ISO 9001 in order to enhance the compatibility of the two standards. ISO 22000 integrates the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and application steps developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. By means of auditable requirements, it combines the HACCP plan with prerequisite programmes (PRPs). Hazard analysis is the key to an effective food safety management, since conducting a hazard analysis assists in organising the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control assist in organising the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control measures. ISO 22000 requires that all hazards that may be reasonably expected to occur in the food chain, including hazards that may be associated with the type of process and facilities used, are identified and assessed. Thus it provides the means to determine and document why certain identified hazards need to be controlled by a particular organisation and why others need not. BUSINESS PROCESSES AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS In order to operate, businesses must deal with many different pieces of information about suppliers, customers, employees, invoices and payments, and of course product and services. They must organise work activities that use this information systems to operate efficiently and enhance the overall performance of the firm. Information systems make it possible for firms to manage all their information, make better decisions and improve the execution of their business processes. (Laudon and laudon 2006). BUSINESS PROCESSES Information systems are all about improving business processes which lie at the very heart of a business. So it is important to understand what is meant by â€Å"business processes† Business processes, refer to the manner in which work is organised, coordinated, and focused to produce a valuable product or service. Business processes are workflows of materials, information, and knowledge-set of activities. Business processes also refers to the unique ways in which organisations coordinate work, information and knowledge, and the ways in which management chooses to coordinate work. Every business can be seen as a collection of business processes. Some of these processes are part of larger encompassing processes. For example, almost every business has a way to hire employees. The process of hiring employees is a business process in the sense that it is a set of activities that a firm uses to hire new employees. To a large extent the performance of a business firm depends on how well its business processes are designed and coordinated. A companys business processes can be a source of competitive strength if they enable the company to innovate or to execute better than its rivals. Business processes can also be liabilities if they are based on outdated ways of working that impede organisational responsiveness and efficiency. Information systems enhance business processes primarily in two ways: Increasing the efficiency of existing processes and Enabling entirely new processes that are capable of transforming the business TYPES OF BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS There are different systems depending on the different business processes but all the systems could be viewed from two different perspectives: a functional perspective identifying systems by their major business function, and a constituency perspective that identifies systems in terms of the major organisational groups that they serve. Systems from a functional perspective From a historical perspective, functional systems were the first kinds of systems developed by business firms. These systems were located in specific departments, such as accounting, marketing and sales, production, and human resources. There are four main types of information systems that serve different functional systems: Sales and marketing information systems help the firm with marketing business processes (identifying customers for the firms products or services, developing products and services to meet their needs, promoting products and services) and sales processes (selling the products and services, taking orders, contacting customers, and providing customer support). Manufacturing and production information systems deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and controlling the flow of production. Finance and accounting information systems keep track of the firms financial assets and fund flows. The typical finance and accounting information systems found in large organizations. Senior management uses finance and accounting systems to establish long-term investment goals for the firms and to provide long-range forecasts of the firms financial performance. Middle management uses systems to oversee and control the firms financial resources. Operational management uses finance and accounting systems to track the flow of funds in the firm through transactions, such as paychecks, payments to vendors, securities reports, and receipts. Human resources information systems maintain employee records, track employee skills, job performance and training, and support planning for employee compensation and career development. The system can produce a variety of reports, such as list of newly hired employees, employees who are terminated or on leaves of absence, employees classified by job type or educational level, or employee job performance evaluations. Systems from a Constituency Perspective This is a perspective that examines systems in terms of the various levels of management and types of decision that they support. Each of these levels has different information needs given their different responsibilities, and each can be seen as major information constituents. Senior managers need summary information that can quickly inform them about the overall performance of the firm. Middle managers need more specific information on the results of specific functional areas and departments of the firm. Operational managers need transactional-level information, such as number of parts in inventory each day. Knowledge workers may need access to external scientific databases or internal databases with organisational knowledge. Production or service workers may need access to information from production machines, and service workers may need access to customer records in order to take orders and answer questions from customers. There are four main categories of systems from a constituency perspective. Transaction processing systems (TPS) are basic business systems that serve the operational level of the organization by recording the daily routine transactions required to conduct business, such as payroll and sales receipts. Management information systems (MIS) serve middle managers interests by providing current and historical performance information to aid in planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. MIS typically compress TPS data to present regular reports on the companys basic operations. Decision Support Systems (DSS), or business intelligence systems, help managers with non-routine decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance. DSS are more analytical than MIS, using a variety of models to analyze internal and external data or condense large amounts of data for analysis. Executive support systems (ESS) provide a generalized computing and communications environment that help senior managers address strategic issues and identify long-term trends in the firm and its environment. ESS addresses non-routine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at a solution. ESS present graphs and data from many internal and external sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use. Often the information is delivered to senior executives through a portal, which uses a Web interface to present integrated personalized business content. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TQM The importance of information technologies and the information systems function is no longer of debate among business people. The question, rather, is how an organization can take best advantage of IT in order to support its operations, add value to its products and services, and gain a competitive edge in the marketplace. To be able to perform up to such high expectations, the IS function must develop an intimate understanding of the expectations of its varied clientele. As organizations embark on their journey to be more responsive to their customers and to continuously improve the quality of their products and services, IS must do the same. Unfortunately, it seems that despite the importance of IT to the success of most organizations, the function is not proactive when it comes to actively pursuing and implementing quality principles. Surveys of IS managers found that a minority of IS managers (41%) understood the basic principles of Total Quality Management (TQM), and thought the y will beuseful to the IS function. Even in the cases where TQM principles were understood, they often were not implemented in the IS function. Total IS quality is a multidimensional concept. (Antonis C. Stylianou and Ram L. Kumar, September 2000) Dimensions Of Information Systems Quality Infrastructure Quality: The quality of the infrastructure (hardware and enabling software) that is fielded and maintained by IS—includes, for example, the quality of the networks, and systems software. Software Quality: The quality of the applications software built, or maintained, or supported by IS. Data Quality: The quality of the data entering the various information systems. Information Quality: The quality of the output resulting from the information systems. In many cases, the output of one system becomes the input of another. In that respect, information quality is related to data quality. Administrative Quality: The quality of the management of the IS function—Includes the quality of budgeting, planning, and scheduling. Service Quality: The quality of the service component ofthe IS function—includes the quality of customer support processes such as those related to a help desk. These dimensions overlap considerably, and what impacts one dimension will in many cases impact other dimensions as well. For example, a decline in infrastructure quality (for example, persistent network service interruptions) is likely to cause real or perceived problems with data and service quality. And even though in the eyes of some IS customers the distinction may be insignificant, it is nevertheless important in being able to respond appropriately. An appropriate response may include actions to address infrastructure quality (such as replacing a defective network component), data quality (such as more frequent backups), and service quality (such as improved communication on cause and resolution of the problem). So far, research on IS quality has addressed individual components of quality and not the big picture. Pearson et al.s framework for introducing TQM into the IS function, although broad, does not provide an integrated and detailed enough perspective for managing quality in key processes and products. Also, Pitt et al. present a model of IS success that is broad but incomplete. That model does not capture the variety of stakeholders affected, the interaction between IS and business processes, the administrative component of IS quality, and environmental influences on quality. An extensive literature exists on data and information quality, and software quality. Administrative IS quality, although it has not received as much attention on its own, is very similar to the quality of other management processes examined in the general concept. INFLUENCES ON INFORMATION SYSTEM QUALITY While IS quality is a general concept, there may be significant differences between organizations in terms of how quality is defined. Different organizations may emphasize different dimensions of IS quality. Environmental factors, such as industry type and the nature of competition, affect the importance of IS in the organization. Managing IS quality is more complicated in IT-intensive industries such as banking because of the large number of IS-supported processes and the high degree of integration between IS and business processes. The impact of organizational investments in IT on IS quality may vary depending on organizational factors such as culture, politics, and senior management support. Stakeholder perceptions of what constitutes acceptable quality may also vary depending on those factors. Departmental factors such as differences in leadership style, employee skills, and IT intensity also impact IS quality perceptions and management. These environmental, organizational, and d epartmental factors impact the relative importance of different stakeholder groups, the weights assigned by each stakeholder group to different quality attributes, and the metrics used to measure them. As a result, deciding how to configure and manage the IS quality program requires sensitivity to these factors. (Antonis C. Stylianou and Ram L. Kumar, September 2000) HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPROVE QUALITY Reduce Cycle Time and Simplify the production Process Studies have shown that probably the best single way to reduce quality problems is to reduce cycle time, which refers to the total elapsed time from the beginning of a process to its end. Shorter cycle times mean that problems are caught earlier in the process, often before the production of a defective product is completed, saving some of the hidden cost of producing it. Finding ways to reduce cycle time often means finding ways to simplify production steps. The fewer the steps in a process the less time and opportunity for an error to occur. Information systems help eliminate steps in a process and critical time delays. A company selling flowers by telephone or over the Web, used to be much smaller company that had difficulty retaining its customers. It had poor service, inconsistent quality, and a cumbersome manual order-taking process. Telephone representatives had to write each order, obtain credit card approval, determine which participating florist was closest to the delivery location, select a floral arrangement, and forward the order to the florist. Each step in the manual process increased the chance of human error, and the whole process took at least a half hour. A new information system that downloads orders taken in telecenters or over the Web to a central computer and electronically transmits them to local florists was installed. Orders are more accurate and arrive at the florist within two minutes Benchmark Companies achieve quality by using benchmarking to set strict standards for products, services, and other activities, and then measuring performance against those standards. Companies may use external industry standards, standards set by other companies; internally developed high standards; or some combination of the three. An outdoor clothing company used benchmarking to achieve an order-shipping accuracy of 99.9 percent. Its old batch order fulfillment system could not handle the surging volume and variety of items to be shipped. After studying Germans and Scandinavian companies with leading edge order fulfillment, the company redesigned its order fulfillment process and information systems so that orders could be processed as soon as they were received and shipped within 24 hours. Use Customer Demands to improve Products and Services Improving customer service, making customer service the number one priority, will improve the quality of the product itself. Improve Design Quality and Precision Computer aided design (CAD) software has made a major contribution to quality improvements in many companies, from producers of automobile to producers of razor blades. A computer-aided design (CAD) system automates the creation and revision of designs, using computers and sophisticated graphics software. Improve Production Precision and Tighten Production Tolerances For many products, quality can be enhanced by making the production process more precise, thereby decreasing the amount of variation from one part to another. CAD software often produces design specifications for tooling and manufacturing processes, saving additional time and money while producing a manufacturing process with far fewer problems. The user of this software is able to design a more precise production system, a system with tighter tolerances, than could ever be done manually. IMPLEMENTING AND MANAGING INFORMATION SYSTEM QUALITY In instituting an Information System quality program, lessons could and should be drawn from both successes and failures in quality programs implem